[EBOOK] IAS RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS, DR. BUI CHI BUU ET AL., IAS (Institute of Agricultural Science for Southern Vietnam)

The Institute of Agricultural Sciences for Southern Vietnam (IAS) is an institution that performs experimental research projects for development of agricultural scientific technology, propagation of newly developed scientific technology, varieties, farming technology education for Southern Vietnam. In 2007, there were a lot of chance and threat, a turning point for much of the country, when Vietnam became a 150th WTO member. Although several casual disasters as flooding and typhoons, brown plant hopper outbreak with virus disease transmission, bird flu, serious porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus disease (PRRSV), volatile world prices on fuel and fertilizer; agricultural production In the country was remarkably higher than the previous year. It not only ensured food security but was also among the 10 key exports to earn revenue of more than $1 billion.

Total value of agriculture obtained VND 231,282 billion accounting for 20.23% of GDP; production value enhanced 4.6%; total value Increased 3.4%.

Grain food production offered 39.98 million tons, including rice and maize of 35.87 million tons, and 4.1 million tons, respectively. Rice growing areas developed 7.2 million ha, reducing 1 25,000 ha; with Its average yield of 4.98 t/ha. Maize growing areas developed 1.068 million ha (augmented 4%); with average yield of 3.85 t/ha (increasing 4.1%)

Groundnut production obtained 505,000 t, sugar cane: 17.4 million tons, soybean: 275,500 t. Black pepper obtained 90,300 t, cashew nut: 301,900 t, rubber latex: 601,700 t. Fruit tree areas developed 775,500 ha - Increasing 4,100 ha.

Husbandry production accounted for 24% of total agricultural value. Cow composed of 6.73 million heads (increasing 3%), buffalo: 3 million heads (Increasing 2.6%); poultry 226 million birds (Increasing 5.3%); pig: 22.6 million heads (reducing 1.1%). Meat production gained 3.83 million tons (Increasing 12.56%).

Aqua-production augmented 11% as compared to the last year with total production of 4 15 million tons (increasing 11.5%).

Wood production value increased 1% as compared to 2006. Total forest area is currently 12.85 million ha with forest cover percentage of 38.8%.

Total export value In agriculture eorned SI 2.5 billion (increasing 18%) including agricultural products of $8.7 billion, and aqua-products of $3.8 billion. Rice export has earned $1.46 billion, with 4.5 million tons - increasing 1 3 9% of value, reducing 3.1 % of quantity as compared to 2006. Fruit-vegetable export gained $299 million.

Farmer Income in 2006 offered VND 26.1 million / household; today gained VND 29-30 million / household in 2007.

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) has overhauled its policies to boost agricultural productivity, quality and production, and then transform rural Vietnam through a new economic system. This means quicken the transformation of agricultural production by increasing the ratio of industry and services.

For Southern parts of Vietnam (Mekong Delta and South-East regions), agricultural value increased 3.04% including 2.25% for crop production, 6.23% for husbandry, 2.67% for service, 0.8% for forestry. Rice production in Dong Xuan, He Thu, Thu Dong and Monsoon seasons has obtained 9.62million tons, 7.76 million tons, 1.07 million tons, and 2.13 million tons, respectively. The total rice production in 2007 gained 20.6 million tons (augmenting 701,088 t), with growing areas of 4.13 million ha (reducing 77,754 ha), and average yield 4.98 t / ha (increasing 0.26 t /ha). Maize production gained 1.95 million tons (Increased 225,000 T) with growing areas of 741,700 ha. Cassava production areas covered 293,000 ha (increased 8,000 ha). Annual industrial crops covered 431,000 ha (reduced 20,000 ha) except groundnut Increased 1,000 ha, and 2,000 ha for sugarcane. Soybean obtained 1 54,800 T (increased 28.8%); groundnut obtained 368,000 T (3.7%). Looking to perennial industrial crops, coffee areas in commercial production covered 490,000 ha. Its production gained one million tons (increased 100,000 T as compared to the same time of 2006). Its export value was $1.21 billion (63.9% increased) with 832,000 T. Rubber areas covered 516,000 ho ( + 5%). Its latex production obtained 550,000T ( + 8%). Its export value was $547.3 million ( + 5.8%) with 291,000 T. Tea areas covered 120,000 ha. Its production gained 540,000 T (+ 6,000T). Its export value was $ 44 million (+ 0.9%) with 47,000 T (+ 7.4%). Cashew nut areas covered 340,000 ha. Its production gained 260,000 T. Its export value was $ 258 million (+ 1 7.8%). Fruit tree areas covered 780,000 ha. Estimated total production would be 7 million tons In this year. Pig population reduced 384,000 heads due to animal foot and mouth disease and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. Cattle increased 4-5% except buffalo reduced 1 -2%. Poultry increased 3-4%.

We have learned In 2007 that looking into the future is risky. Furthermore, In the era of limitless competition with the collapse of trading barrier between countries, IAS must be endeavoring to fully perform its role of progressing among agricultural industrialization, farmer intellectualization and rural civilization as "Three Nongs" vision by MARD (three Nongs including: agriculture, farmer, and rural development).

Seventeen new technologies by IAS have been approved and released in 2007.

We are concentrating on improvement of productivity of agricultural industry and development of environmental-friendly agricultural technology to enable harmonious co-existence of human being and natural ecosystem.

We are endeavoring to establish livestock farming that is well harmonized with environment under tropical conditions, to raise the safety level through stabilized stock and elevation of product quality, to prevent livestock disease in advance through system of continuous quarantine.

We are propagating highly pure and superior seeds such as disease-free tomato seedlings, rice, black pepper, maize, soybean, mungbean, peanut, cassava.

Coping with climate change, IAS deals with studying the effect of climate on crops and animals in Southern parts, especially rice production, with the emphasis on examining increased C02 and temperature impacts. The direct and Indirect consequences for agricultural production have to be assessed to develop strategies and technologies to adapt major crops and animals to changing climate. We need to explore cropmanagement practices that reduce greenhouse gas emission under intensive production, and to prevent from soil degradation and desertification in South-East regions and Central Coastal areas. Others deal with modeling climate change impacts on agricultural production through international cooperation projects, which will be well considered. Because climate change has recently received enormous attention in the media and in policy statements.

MARD actually sees plant breeding and animal breeding at the heart of improvement in agricultural production in Vietnam, the efficiency of adaptive measures can be greatly increased by other efforts, Including molecular marker techniques to speed up the breeding process, geographic analysis of vulnerable regions, site-specific adjustment in crop management as planting dates, water saving. Research Into disease and pest management is crucial for reducing poverty and providing food security in developing countries such as Vietnam. An Important subset of the research is concerned with containment of pests and diseases - otherwise known as bio-securlty.

IAS determines Its function under new situations as a multidisciplinary and specific research institution so that how to integrate between crop science and animal one Into special working groups. Teamwork models are recommended to crucially enhance the IAS's research activities, which meet the demand of agricultural production in South.

The IAS operates as part of MARD's national and International development cooperation programs, with a mission to achieve more productive and sustainable agricultural systems, for benefit of Vietnam. Any your kind cooperation would be appreciated.

Bui Chi Buu

Director General

[EBOOK] IAS RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS, DR. BUI CHI BUU ET AL., IAS (Institute of Agricultural Science for Southern Vietnam)

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[EBOOK] GREENHOUSE TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, K. Radha Manohar and C. Igathinathane, Published by BSP (BS Publications)

After the advent of green revolution, more emphasis is laid on the quality of the product along with the quantity of production to meet the ever-growing food requirements. Both these demands can be met when the environment for the plant growlh is suitably controlled. The need to protect the crops against unfavourable environmental conditions led to the development of protected agriculture. Greenhouse is the most practical method of achieving the objectives of protected agriculture, where the natural environment is modified by using sound engineering principles to achieve optimum plant growth and yields. In this chapter, the history, the phenomenon of greenhouse effect and advantages of greenhouses are discussed.

A greenhouse is a framed or an inflated structure covered with a transparent or translucent material in W'hich crops could be grown under the conditions of at least partially controlled environment and which is large enough to permit persons to work within it to carry out cultural operations.

The growing of off-season cucumbers under transparent stone for Emperor Tiberius, in the first century, is the earliest reported protected agriculture. The technology was rarefy employed during the next 1500 years. In the 16th century, glass lanterns* bell jars and hot beds covered with glass were used to protect horticultural crops against cold. In the 17th century, low portable wooden frames covered with an oiled translucent paper were used to warm the plant environment.

In Japan, straw mats were used in combination with oil paper to protect crops from the severe environmental conditions. Greenhouses in France and England during the same century wefe heated by manure and covered with glass panes. The first greenhouse in the 1700s used glass on one side only as a sloping roof. Later in the century, glass was used on both sides. Glasshouses were used for fruit crops such as melons, grapes, peaches and strawberries, and rarely for vegetable production. Protected agriculture was fully established with the introduction of polyethylene after the World War II. The first use of polyethylene as a greenhouse cover was in 1948, when Professor Emery Myers Emmert, at the University of Kentucky, USA, used the less expensive material in place of more expensive glass.

The total area of glasshouses in the world as per 1987 reports was estimated to be 30,000 ha and most of these were found in North-Western Europe. In contrast to glasshouses, plastic.... [download this ebook to read more]

[EBOOK] GREENHOUSE TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, K. Radha Manohar and C. Igathinathane, Published by BSP (BS Publications)

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[EBOOK] Essential Plant Pathology, Gail L. Schumann and Cleora J. D'Arcy, The American Phytopathological Society

Why Study Plant Pathology?

Plant pathology is the study of plant diseases. We could not survive on earth without plants, so their health is important to us. Photosynthesis is the source of the free oxygen necessary for aerobic respiration. Long ago, free oxygen became a component of the early atmosphere, leading to the creation of the ozone layer, which helps to protect us from ultraviolet radiation and makes life on land possible. Photosynthesis also is the source of fixed carbon, from which all organic molecules (including the components of our bodies!) are then produced. Directly or indirectly, plants provide all of the food on which the human population relies. In addition, plants provide feed for animals, shelter, fiber for clothing and paper, fuel, and ornamental flowers and landscape plants for our enjoyment.

Plant diseases reduce yields of food and cash crops, mar the beauty of ornamental plants, and reduce our ability to shelter and feed ourselves. In some cases, pathogens even produce toxic compounds that poison our food. It is impossible to separate plant diseases from the history and culture of humans. Plant diseases limit where crops can be grown and determine what foods are available to us. A single disease, late blight of potato, triggered the Irish potato famine of the 1840s and forever changed the history of Ireland and of North America, where many starving Irish peasants took refuge. Dutch elm disease has killed more than 5 million elm trees on the formerly tree-lined streets of cities in the United States and Europe. Citrus canker and soybean rust currently threaten multibillion dollar crops in the United States and around the world. Each year, local, state, and federal governments spend funds on quarantines and plant inspection services to control the movement of dangerous pathogens that threaten our food supply and the livelihoods of growers. The concern that bioterrorism may threaten genetically uniform crops, as well as farm animals and human populations, has made us more aware of the potential for damage by introduced pathogens. Billions of dollars are spent each year on the management of plant diseases, and yet it is estimated that plant diseases cause a 20% yield loss in food and cash crops. Of course, that does not mean that all yields are reduced by that amount. Some crops remain healthy, but others may be nearly destroyed, potentially causing starvation for large populations of people or loss of livelihood for farmers.

Aside from the practical aspects of keeping plants healthy, plant pathology is an amazing biological science that focuses on the interactions among host plants, pathogens, and the vectors that transmit the pathogens in various environments. Studies of the physiology and genetics of these interactions lead us to new discoveries in molecular biology and their applications in biotechnology. Knowledge of the ecological interactions of hosts and pathogens will help us understand our natural ecosystems, global climate change, and maintenance of biological diversity on our planet. All aspects of biology are encompassed in the study of plant pathology. This textbook and its accompanying online resources are designed to introduce students to the fascinating study of plant diseases.

[EBOOK] Essential Plant Pathology, Gail L. Schumann and Cleora J. D'Arcy, The American Phytopathological Society

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[EBOOK] ENZYME INACTIVATION IN FOOD PROCESSING (Technologies, Materials, and Applications), Edited by Megh R. Goyal, PhD., Junaid Ahmad Malik, PhD., and Ravi Pandiselvam, PhD., CRC

Everything we do in the field of food science and technology revolves around food preservation. There are several advanced technologies for food characteristics, and redesigning is yet another possible method for preserving and processing food. Food enzymes, which are proteinaceous compounds, are extremely essential. The preservation of food is done by activating or deactivating the enzymes. This action can be done by thermal treatment, cooking, drying, cooling, and freezing. Several better inactivation technologies have shown potential applications have also been investigated by scientists and researchers

This book is a collection of novel emerging technologies dealing with inactivation of enzymes for the design of food and preservation through advanced technologies. This book serves as an excellent resource on the inactivation of food enzymes through basic concepts and chemical methods. It presents novel processing technologies for inactivation of food enzymes. It looks at the inactivation of food enzymes through ozone technology, pulsed electric fields, microwave processing and ohmic heating technology, dense-phase carbon dioxide and high-pressure processing, radiofrequency technology, ultraviolet and light emitted diode technologies, cold plasma technology, and ultrasonication of foods and food products. It discusses the extraction of phytonutrients and biocompounds from cereals and considers the inactivation of enzymes in the design of nutraceutical-based functional foods, in the design of specific foods for gut-microbiodata, in conjunction with omega-3 fatty acids, and for the fortification in food products. The volume also investigates the characteristics of dairy-based dry powders and millet starches. The book also explores the role of the bioactive compounds and metal ions, catalases secreted by medicinal plants and mushrooms for enzyme inactivation and biosensing. The role of bionanomaterials in nanoencapsulation and catalysis is also discussed.

This book, Enzyme Inactivation in Food Processing: Technologies, Materials, and Applications, will serve many professionals working in the area of food science, technology and engineering around the world. The book will also serve as a reference book for researchers, students, scholars, industries, universities, and research centers.

This book has taken its present shape due to the excellent contribution by all contributing authors who have been this soul of this compendium. We have mentioned their names in each chapter and also in the list of contributors. We are indeed indebted to them for their knowledge, dedication, and enthusiasm. We expect this book to prove a helpful resource for all the food processing and engineering academicians, food processors, and students.

We also extend our sincere thanks to the editorial office of Apple Academic Press, Inc. We hereby appeal to our readers for their productive suggestions that may form the basis for improving future editions.

We take this opportunity to thank: (1) our families for their motivation, moral support, and blessings in counteracting every obstacle coming our way, (2) our spouses for their understanding, patience, and encouragement throughout this project, (3) the contributors for contributing their research in the form of chapters.

[EBOOK] ENZYME INACTIVATION IN FOOD PROCESSING (Technologies, Materials, and Applications), Edited by Megh R. Goyal, PhD., Junaid Ahmad Malik, PhD., and Ravi Pandiselvam, PhD., CRC

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[EBOOK] VEGETABLE DISSEASES (A colour Handbook), Steven T. Koike et al., Published by MANSON

If there IS BLIGHT OR MILDEW on one’s crops, what is one to do? The topic of diseases that damage and kill plants is hardly a new subject. For as long as humans have foraged for, grown, traded, or eaten edible plants, disease-causing organisms have been present and exacted their toll on quality, yields, and consumer satisfaction of these commodities. Impacts of plant diseases on the lives of people range from the nuisance of losing a few plants in one’s garden, to significant economic losses to a farmer, and finally to widespread famine due to extensive crop losses in a region. Throughout human history, devastating crop losses have sometimes resulted in subsequent loss of human life and disruptive migrations of the inhabitants. Humanity’s dependence on healthy crops and reliable sources of food, therefore, transcends all barriers of culture, nation, and time. We all need to eat and to feed our children.

Vegetables are an essential anc increasingly popular component of human diets today. Collectively, vegetable crops are a major part of agricultural commerce. The vegetable industry produces large volumes of high quality commodities that arc intensely marketed and can be delivered locally and regionally or shipped internationally. Consumer standards and market requirements mandate excellent quality produce. The diseases that affect vegetables compromise such quality and therefore are of great importance to grower, shipper, marketer, and consumer. Vegetable production and marketing in the 21st Century has been fashioned by technology and developments that are unique to our times, including molecular biology', globalization of international trade, awareness of the benefits and dangers of synthetic pesticides, and insights into specific health benefits of vegetable foods.

This book is written to address the broad topic of diseases that affect vegetables. Part 1 offers a brief introduction to vegetable crops, descriptions of the disease-causing agents, suggested strategies for identifying and diagnosing vegetable diseases, and general principles in controlling them. In this book we describe diseases that are primarily caused by pathogens (biotic diseases). Problems caused by nutritional and physiological disorders and environmental and cultural factors (abiotic problems) are mostly not covered.

The rest of the book (Part 2) is divided into chapters on the principal crop groups (and further subdivided if different plants within the group suffer from distinct sets of diseases) and describes the major diseases that affect those vegetables. The diseases are, for the most part, organized first by pathogen type and then by pathogen name. (We should point out that each crop chapter does not include all possible diseases and rhat the disease list is therefore not exhaustive.) of special note are chapters devoted to spinach - an increasingly popular vegetable - and to specialty crops and herbs. Each disease entry includes a brief introduction to the disease, detailed description of symptoms, information on the pathogen and disease development, and suggestions on how to manage the problem. For pathogens that affect several crops, full derails are presented in only one chapter in order to reduce unnecessary repetition; for other crops that are subject to the same disease, reference will be made to the more complete chapter. Selected references are included that will allow interested readers to further research the subject.

Our collective experience in applied research, extension education, and working closely with farmers and industry members has shaped our approach. Our aim is to increase recognition and diagnosis of vegetable diseases and to provide information on biology and control of the problems. A particular feature of this book are the many high-quality color photographs that illustrate most of these vegetable diseases and which will assist the reader in identifying and understanding thcm.The glossary at the end lists much of the terminology used in plant pathology and related fields.

In an effort to keep this book timely and reduce the amount of information that rapidly becomes outdated, we have not included specific information on vegetable crop cultivars, pesticide product recommendations, and seed treatments. Such information can change from year to year and also varies greatly between regions, countries, and continents. Seed treatments, in particular, can be implemented in manv ways depending upon the practitioner, the nature and location of the seed treatment facility, and so on. For up-to-date and area-appropriate recommendations on vegetable cultivars and disease control chemicals and treatments, consult local extension agents, agricultural consultants, or other professionals who arc familiar with the location.

We have written this book with a very broad and diverse audience in mind. We hope this effort will help and be of interest to the following persons: research and extension plant pathologists; diagnosticians and plant lab personnel; teachers of agriculture and related subjects; university students in agriculture and related fields; commercial farmers, vegetable producers, and farm managers; agriculturalists in the fields of seed production, vegetable breeding, agrichemicals, pest control, marketing, and other subjects; government and regulator)' persons dealing with agriculture; home gardeners and hobbyists.

[EBOOK] VEGETABLE DISSEASES (A colour Handbook), Steven T. Koike et al., Published by MANSON

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[EBOOK] SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (Second Edition), JOHN MASON LAND, PUBLISHED BY LAND LINK

First there was subsistence farming. Then there was a technological revolution: developments in machinery and chemicals allowed us to clear and cultivate land faster, feed plants and animals quicker (and grow them faster); and kill pests or diseases quickly. These newfound abilities seemed like a godsend to mankind; and throughout the 20th century we used them to their fullest, generally with little regard to any unforsccn repercussions.

Gradually, time has revealed a variety of problems caused by this modern agricultural development, including chemical residues affecting plant and animal life on land and in the sea, soil degradation in the form of soil structural decline, erosion, salinity, soil acidification, loss of fertility, nutrient loading of waterways, dams and lakes and more.

As we move into the 21st century and concern about our environment grows, there is an obvious move towards more sustainable farming.

Sustainable farming is, in essence, concerned with anything that affects the sustainability of a farm. You cannot keep farming a property indefinitely if there is a degradation of resources (environmental resources, financial resources, equipment, machinery, materials, or any other resources). In the short to medium term, the problem of sustainability is overwhelmingly a financial one; but in the long term, environmental sustainability will possibly have a greater impact on the whole industry than anything else.

Why be sustainable?

If we can’t sustain agricultural production, we will eventually see a decline in production; hence a decline in food and other supplies. There is no escaping the fact that people need agricultural products to survive: for food, clothing, etc. Science may be able to introduce substitutes (eg synthetic fibres) but even the raw materials to make these will generally be limited. As the world’s population increases (or at best remains stable in some places) demand for agricultural produce increases accordingly. Poorly maintained farms produce less in terms of quantity and quality. Profitability decreases mean that surplus money is no 2

Sustainable Agriculture longer available for repair and improvements. Farm land can become contaminated with chemical residues, weeds or vermin. The amount of vegetation produced (ic the biomass) may reduce, resulting in less production of carbon dioxide, and a greater susceptibility to environmental degradation.

We have created a world that relies heavily on technology to produce the food needed to sustain its human population. There is a worldwide dilemma. To abandon modern farming methods could result in worldwide famine but to continue current practices will almost certainly result in long-term degradation of farmland and, eventually, the inability to sustain even current human population levels, without even considering future increases in the human population.
Who should be concerned?

Everyone needs to be concerned about a decline in farm production potential. The farmer, his family, and workers are always affected first. An unsustainable farm is simply not worth persisting with and any farm which heads this way must eventually be abandoned or redeveloped to become sustainable. This book is about foreseeing and understanding such problems, and addressing them before it is too late.

[EBOOK] SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (Second Edition), JOHN MASON LAND, PUBLISHED BY LAND LINK

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[EBOOK] Agro-Processing and Food Engineering (Operational and Application Aspects), Harish Kumar Sharma and Navneet Kumar, Springer

Agricultural production is on a rising trend across the globe, which is putting pressure on agro-processing industries to timely handle the produce and keep it safe for a longer duration. The agro-processing industries deal with various unit operations from receiving harvested crop to the finished product. The textbook entitled Agro-Processing and Food Engineering: Operational and Application Aspects has been conceptualized with a view to cover the most relevant topics in the area for graduating students. In the book, simple illustrations are used in every chapter for easier understanding of the involved fundamentals, concepts, and processes. A number of solved examples are also included in different chapters to provide emphasis on problem solving. Efforts are made to simplify technological aspects, mathematical derivations, etc. to the maximum extent so that young minds could easily understand. Similar approaches are adopted in solved examples, so that concepts can be better understood by students/academicians. Several unsolved questions are also provided at the end of every chapter to review the progress made by students/readers.

The text in the book starts from presenting a comprehensive production status of different popular agricultural commodities. Further, the engineering properties of food materials are presented. The knowledge of the properties remains essential in clearing the understanding with respect to design, operation, and control of various processing equipment and quality of finished products. Material handling systems are used in agro-processing industry to increase the level of mechanization, which improves the consistency and quality of the produce, and therefore the knowledge with respect to designing of efficient material handling system becomes very important to students. The moisture content of the agro-produce, which can be optimally retained through drying/dehydration in cereals, pulses, and oilseeds, assures safer storage for longer duration. The desired size of agro-produce can be achieved by different milling equipment to obtain the material in the form of flour, powder, etc.

The effective mixing is an important unit operation to cater to the need of nutritious substitutes of existing food items and to create uniformity and homogeneity during the operation. The cleaning of grains is performed before other unit operations, and grading of the finished product can be achieved using different graders/separators to control the quality. The storage life of the foods can be enhanced by using various traditional and modern storage structures. The processing can add value; therefore, processing of cereals, fruits and vegetables, oilseeds, and pulses is covered and presented in such a way that the concepts and technological aspects are easier to understand and beneficial to students and the scientific fraternity. The technical manpower involved in various capacities in agro-industries can also get first-hand knowledge through the technological concepts and mechanisms covered in the book.

All the chapters have been written by Teachers/Researchers, working in the field; therefore, the concepts are made simpler and easier to understand. Efforts are made to simplify every aspect; therefore, this handbook is expected to be unique for students. However, feedback in any form from any corner shall be encouraged to further strengthen the quality of the book in the time to come. Since the idea for conceptualization of the book emerged out of the need of students on the various topics covered in this book therefore it is anticipated that this book will cater to the need of students, technicians, academicians, and researchers working in the area of Agro-processing, Food Engineering, Agricultural Process Engineering, Food Technology, and allied fields.

[EBOOK] Agro-Processing and Food Engineering (Operational and Application Aspects), Harish Kumar Sharma and Navneet Kumar, Springer

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[EBOOK] Insect Pests Of Rice, M. D. Pathak and Z. R. Khan, IRRI

The world rice crop is attacked by more than 100 species of insects; 20 of them can cause economic damage. Insect pests that can cause significant yield losses are stem borers; leafhoppers and planthoppers (which cause direct damage by feeding as well as by transmitting viruses); gall midges, a group of defoliating species (main1y lepidopterans); and a grain-sucking bug complex that feeds on developing grains.

Average yield loss due to various insect pests in Asia-wheremore than 90% of the world's rice is produced—is about 20%. Any decrease in pest damage means a corresponding increase in needed rice production.

Reduction in insect pest damage should come from incorporating genetic resistance into new genotypes and from the development of suitable cultural and biological control methods. The first edition of this book, published in 1967, contained basic information on the biology and factors of abundance of common insect pests of rice. Since then, due to the introduction of high-yielding modern varieties, distinct changes have occurred in the insect pest complex of rice. Several species, once considered minor pests, have become major pests. Also, much information on various aspects of control, including integrated pest management, has become available.

This new edition includes updated information on biology, damage, seasonal history and factors of abundance, and control measures of the major insect pests of rice. IRRI hopes this expanded content will prove useful to researchers, extension workers, and students everywhere.

Many people were involved in the production of this book. N.J. Fernandez, A.D. Tan, and F.F.D. Villanueva helped compile the text, references, and tables; A.T. Barrion validates scientific names of insect pests; E. Panisales provided artwork; and M.L.P. Abenes provided photographic services. The volume was edited by W.H. Smith and G.S. Argosino.

[EBOOK] Insect Pests Of Rice, M. D. Pathak and Z. R. Khan, IRRI

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[EBOOK] Management of Phytophthora diseases of durian

Durian is the favourite fruit in many Southeast Asian countries. It is a prized tree in many mixed gardens and a valuable orchard crop that commands extraordinarily high prices at local and export markets. The value of the worldwide trade in durian is estimated at A$ 3 billion annually. This project will develop strategies to control fruit rot, root rot, patch canker and dieback of durian (Durio zibethinus M.), caused by strains of Phytophthora usually identified as P. palmivora Butl. These diseases cause annual yield losses estimated at 15-30%, and their impact is compounded by locally severe incidences of tree deaths, and storage and transit rots that can destroy entire consignments.

The genus Phytophthora includes pathogens that cause root, stem, foliage, flower and fruit diseases of plants, although the pathogen is generally considered soil-borne. Disease is usually initiated when dormant propagules germinate and release infective zoospores following wetting or temporary flooding. Phytophthora is a poor saprophytic competitor, and the survival of the pathogen in the soil is vulnerable to orchard management practices that stimulate the activity of soil antagonists and reduce the likelihood of ponding. Composts and manures that stimulate the activity of actinomycetes, endospore-forming bacteria and certain fungi are used to reduce the incidence and severity of Phytophthora diseases in crops such as avocado (Stirling, Hayward & Pegg, 1992) and thryptomene (Aryantha, 1997; Aryantha & Guest, 1997). Composts and manures also improve soil drainage, soil fertility and plant growth.

Durian is a tall tree that is amenable to mixed farming systems in the tropics. However, the broad host range of P. palmivora creates a risk of cross-infection between intercrops. The variability of Phytophthora also presents a challenge to plant breeders attempting to incorporate disease resistance into breeding lines, and presents a challenge to quarantine barriers. Consequently, it is imperative to document and understand the host range, geographical distribution and virulence of pathogen isolates from different durian-growing areas.

Australian researchers are world leaders in developing integrated disease management (IDM) strategies, including the use of potassium phosphonate, to control plant diseases. Phosphonates have a remarkably low toxicity to mammals, and are selective for pathogenic Oomycetes such as Phytophthora (Guest et al., 1995). When directly injected into the trunk, phosphonates are extremely effective against Phytophthora diseases of cocoa and avocado (Guest et al. 1994 & 1995). The precise timing and rates of trunk injection are known to be important in determining the translocation and partitioning of phosphonate within the tree, and thus the level of disease control achieved. Thus, the mixed results from preliminary trials with durian suggest that further work on the timing of phosphonate injection in relation to tree phenology is required.

The primary objective of this project is to improve orchard establishment and sustainability, and the consistency of quality fruit supplies to the expanding Asian and Australian durian markets, by developing an integrated management program for orchard and postharvest disease. We will also examine the interaction between losses due to Phytophthora and other major post-harvest pathogens, and will develop strategies to improve fruit quality and prolong fruit life. Key elements of the project will be the development of orchard management practices that are appropriate for small-scale mixed farming systems as well as large orchards, including biological control and the targeted use of trunk-injected fungicides. These control strategies will be based on a thorough understanding of the biological and environmental factors conducive to disease, and will investigate techniques successfully used against Phytophthora diseases of avocado and cocoa. The expected outcome of this project, and the implementation of its recommendations, will be to reduce tree deaths, increase fruit yields and decrease post-harvest fruit losses. Diseases caused by related Phytophthora species also cause significant losses to Australian horticulture, and to the Australian environment. This proposal will address questions that are common to the management of disease in horticultural and natural plant communities.

This proposal builds on work on the control of Phytophthora fruit rot of durian in Thailand using Aliette (Pongpisutta & Sangchote, 1994), research on integrated management of Phytophthora on cocoa in Papua New Guinea (Guest et al. 1994), and biological control of Phytophthora cinnamomi in horticulture (Aryantha & Guest, 1997). A collaboration has already been established between the University of Melbourne, the Northern Territory Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, the Queensland Department of Primary Industries and pioneering durian growers in Australia, Kasetsart University in Thailand, and the Southern Fruit Research Institute in Vietnam. These collaborators offer the necessary expertise and facilities to successfully undertake the project outlined. The project will combine Australian expertise in:

• phosphonate mode of action and injection technology

• biological control of Phytophthora using composted manures and mulches

• the variability and ecology of Phytophthora, and

• durian cultivation, durian diseases and disorders

with Thai expertise in:

• durian cultivation and disease biology

and Vietnamese expertise in:

• durian orchard establishment

[EBOOK] Management of Phytophthora diseases of durian

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[EBOOK] MANUAL PLANT DISEASES, BY FREDERICK DEFOREST HEALD, M.S., Ph.D., McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, Inc.

Fifteen years ago the plant pathologists of America welcomed the appearance of “Fungous Diseases of Plants,” by B. M. Duggar, as the first general text or reference book of American origin to occupy the field. Although a number of books have since been written covering special phases of plant pathology, no general manual has appeared to serve as a guide in classes in general plant pathology, which has now become an accepted part of the agricultural curriculum. The pressing need for a modernized book for use in the author's classes was the motive that prompted the preparation of this book. The plan of presentation of the subject is essentially that which has been followed in the author's classes for the last 10 years.

An attempt has been made to present a view of the whole field of plant pathology, including environmental and virus diseases as well as those of bacterial and fungous origin, as it is felt that a book of restricted scope would perpetuate an erroneous notion which has been prevalent in recent years as to the real province of plant pathology. It has also seemed advisable to avoid the dictionary type of presentation, and to give instead a detailed consideration of a much smaller number of diseases, with the hope that this method of approach will impress the student with the importance of the subject and stimulate detailed rather than superficial study. Additional types with a few guiding references are given with the expectation that the student may be led to develop these according to the general plan.

No attempt has been made to present an organized treatment of culture methods and general plant pathological technique, or of the principles and practice of disease control, since, with the rapid strides made in recent years, it is the practice to present these phases of the subject in separate courses. Special manuals covering these subjects would be welcomed by all teachers. In the treatment of the parasitic ' diseases it has seemed desirable to follow the taxonomic sequence, rather than host groups, since it is not generally possible to require systematic mycology as a prerequisite to the elementary course in plant pathology. It has been the aim to introduce enough systematic mycol-f) ogy to provide for this lack of mycological preparation. The order of presentation may not suit all teachers. In actual practice, it may be varied if desired by passing to Sec. IV, Parasitic Diseases, immediately following the two introductory chapters and then returning to a con; sideration of the non-parasitic and virus diseases, A number of principles have guided the selection of the diseases given detailed treatment. Consideration has been given to types of disease, economic importance, causal factors or pathogenes and control methods. Limitation of space is the only excuse for the omission of certain important diseases which would otherwise have been introduced. It is felt that the historical introductions are well worth attention, as they will serve to impress the student with the fact that our present knowledge rests upon a long series of painstaking researches, but that in most cases the field is still open for new discoveries.

The author is indebted to a large number of pathologists for illustrations, which are credited in the legends, and to other pathologists for suggestions during the progress of the work. Special acknowledgment is here made to the late Dr. c. V. Piper for suggestions and criticisms covering the entire manuscript, and to the following for a critical reading of portions of the manuscript: Dr. L. IL Jones, Dr. I. E. Melhus, Dr. c. T. Gregory, Dr. F. A. Weiss, Dr. Fred R. Jones, Prof. J. B. s. Norton, Dr. G. w. Keitt, Prof. H. p. Barss, Dr. L. K. Jones, Mr. D. F. Fisher, Dr. A. J. Mix, Prof. F. c. Reimer, Dr. A. J. Riker, Dr. w. H. Martin, Dr. c. w. Hungerford, Dr. Wanda Weniger, Dr. N. J. Giddings, Dr. L. w. Durrell, Dr. M. F. Barrus, Dr. L. R. Hesler, Prof. R. E. Smith, Prof. L. E. Melchers, Dr. J. J. Taubenhaus, Dr. Haven Metcalf, Mr. G. F. Garvatt, Mr. R. p. Marshall, Dr. E. c. Stakman, Dr. V. F. Tapke, Dr. N. A. Cobb, Dr. Win. Trelease, Dr. G. L. Peltier, Dr. H. T. Giissow, Prof. w. T. Horne, Dr. Chas. Brooks and Prof. F. c. Stewart. In general, the plan was followed of submitting portions of the manuscript for critical reading to those workers who had previously made a special study of the subjects covered. The author has incorporated many valuable suggestions received from these sources, and here wishes to express his appreciation for the assistance rendered. For the final form of the manuscript, the author alone is responsible.

The author is also indebted to his co-workers, Prof. B. F. Dana, Mr. E. E. Honey and Mr. G. L. Zundel, for suggestions and aid during the progress of the work.

[EBOOK] MANUAL PLANT DISEASES, BY FREDERICK DEFOREST HEALD, M.S., Ph.D., McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, Inc.

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[EBOOK] AGRONOMIC RICE PRACTICES AND POSTHARVEST PROCESSING (Production and Quality Improvement), Edited by Deepak Kumar Verma, Prem Prakash Srivastav, Altafhusain B. Nadaf, APPLE ACADEMIC PRESS

Rice is the staple food of around three billion people, most of them in Asia, which accounts for 90% of global rice consumption. Rice constitutes a major source of nutrition and contributes a significant share of dietary energy in a number of Asian countries. Among 23 species of the genus Oryza, Oryza saliva L. is cultivated in Asia and O. glaberrima Steud. in West Africa. O. saliva L. is further differentiated into indica and japonica. Rice has immense diversity, and it is estimated that more than 100,000 varieties of rice exist in the world. India has an ancient heritage of rice cultivation and has over 70,000 cultivars of rice germplasm.

Agronomic practices encompass many areas of conservation—from practicing reduced-tillage methods, which lessen the need to till the soil before each crop, to managing planting populations, which ensures crops are not over- or undercrowded, and therefore are in optimal growing conditions. These small changes in farmers' routines can yield major dividends at harvest. The agronomic practices majorly include using appropriate seeding rates and fertilizer, keeping narrow rows, using hybrid maturities, and applying starter fertilizer doses.

After using effective agronomic practices, proper postharvest processing and handling is an important part of modern agricultural production. Postharvest processes include the integrated functions of harvesting, cleaning, grading, cooling, storing, packing, and transport. Postharvest technologies occur between the producer and the consumer—processes protect produce to preserve quality, reduce damage, travel distances, grade and categorize, document sources, and label. Postharvest handling involves the practical application of engineering principles and knowledge of fruit and vegetable physiology to solve problems. Therefore, it needs a closer coordination between all segments of the industry from the grower to the consumer, with great emphasis on proper postharvest handling, a multidisciplinary and systems approach to problem-solving, a greater use of computer control and communications technology, and a greatly renewed emphasis on mechanization.

The increased grain yield and improved rice quality are absolutely necessary to feed the world's galloping population and to maintain its health and nutrition. Thus, the recent approach for rice production includes the improvement of both yield and grain quality to cater for consumer demand and also to increase the nutritional level of the general public.

Presently, the India is producing more surplus than is needed nationally. Improvement in quality provides assurance that the surplus will find a rewarding market. The genetic makeup of grain is the major factor influencing the quality of rice. Modern programers continually strive to refine and improve the genetic characteristics that influence quality in the most desirable product. Another factor is the environment under which the plant is grown, such as the light rainfall and temperature. Similarly, soil and the management practices affect the grain quality. Careful harvesting and postharvest handling may maintain or even improve the rice quality. Quality characteristics in rice may be categorized into three broad areas. (1) Physical characteristics include moisture content, shape, size, whiteness, translucency, chalkiness, head rice, broken rice, brewers, green kernels, and yellow kernels. (2) The analysis of physicochemical characteristics of rice include amylose content, protein content, gel consistency, volume of expansion of cooked rice, water absorption, and cooking time. (3) The organoleptic properties of cooked rice include color, aroma, hardness, stickiness, and consistency.

This book, Agronomic Rice Practices and Postharvest Processing: Production and Quality Improvement, addresses these three important aspects of rice. For convenience of the readers, the book has been divided into four parts. Part 1 takes into account Recent Trends and Advances for Higher Production and Quality Improvement and consists of four chapters covering climate-resilient agriculture practices in rice through an Indian perspective; climatic effects, relative performance, and constraints in direct-seeded versus transplanted rice of Asia; constraints in temperate rice culture and interventions to mitigate the challenges; and recent advances and trends in system of rice intensification. Part 2 covers Nutrient Management for Rice Production and Quality Improvement, which consists of three chapters. Effect of zinc on growth, yield, and quality attributes of rice for improved rice production; integrated nutrient management in transplanted rice by pelleting technique; and effect of different organic sources of nutrition on growth, yield, and quality of rice are discussed in detail. Part 3 addresses Weed Management for Improved Rice Production through a chapter describing precautions and future implications in weed management and integrated weed management in zero-till direct-seeded rice. Part 4 deals with Postharvest Processing for Rice Quality Improvement. It includes two chapters discussing, effect of parboiling on different physicochemical and cooking properties of rice and nutritional quality evolution in rice.

The book has taken the present shape due to the contributions of renowned scientists, researchers, and professors through their tireless research. We are sure that this book will be a useful guide for the rice researchers working in the area of agronomic practices, postharvest processing, and quality improvement in rice.

Deepak Kumar Verma

Prem Prakash Srivastav

Altafhusain B. Nadaf

Editors

[EBOOK] AGRONOMIC RICE PRACTICES AND POSTHARVEST PROCESSING (Production and Quality Improvement), Edited by Deepak Kumar Verma, Prem Prakash Srivastav, Altafhusain B. Nadaf, APPLE ACADEMIC PRESS

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Keyword: ebook, giáo trình, AGRONOMIC RICE PRACTICES, POSTHARVEST PROCESSING, cây lúa, lúa gạo, thực hành nông nghiệp trồng lúa, chế biến sau thu hoạch lúa gạo

[EBOOK] PLANT TAXONOMY, O P Sharma, Tata McGraw-Hill Education Private Limited

Plant Taxonomy has been revised to reflect global perspectives with particular emphasis on the current syllabi requirements of the Indian Universities. Published first in 1993 and reprinted 19 times in subsequent years upto 2008, speaks volumes about its overwhelming reception by the readers. The developments in the field of plant systematics, coupled with new and exciting discoveries contributing to the progress in taxonomical fields providing new information in classification of plants, have given impetus to bring out the revised edition. The new edition was also needed because of several changes made in the syllabi of Indian Universities, and also because of variations in the market trends and examination patterns.

The second edition of Plant Taxonomy is designed to present the current principles, practices and techniques of plant taxonomy and contemporary classifications, and also to describe some of the other important angiospermic families and groups. Those who are familiar with the first edition will be aware that there has been change of format to a larger page size, and also a completely different layout of the text. A considerable number of illustrations and chapter-wise revision questions have also been added in the revised text.

The major aim of this book is to provide a general overview of plant taxonomy in the most effective and positive manner to the students. This revised edition of Plant Taxonomy is a broad, up-to-date synthesis of this active and fascinating field of botany. Besides retaining all chapters of the first edition, this revised edition now also includes some new chapters, viz. Taxonomic Structure, Examination of Plant Specimen, Molecular Taxonomy, and Table of Major Characters of Discussed Families. Also added in this new edition are the detailed discussions of 16 more families of dicotyledons (viz. Saxifragaceae, Begoniaceae, Passifloraceae, Araliaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Campanulaceae, Ericaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Loganiaceae, Polemoniaceae, Pedaliaceae, Plantaginaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Piperaceae, Cannabinaceae, and Salicaceae) and 4 families of monocotyledons (viz. Bromeliaceae, Cannaceae, Juncaceae, and Typhaceae), thus increasing the number of discussed families from 69 to 89 out of total number of 200 families of flowering plants discussed by Bentham and Hooker. This number of discussed families in this book is now larger than all other available books on plant taxonomy in the Indian market. The revised edition also discusses some new subtopics in certain existing chapters as suggested by reviewers of the book. These subtopics include (i) Deep-freezing methods, (ii) Restructuring of ICBN with the addition of the details of St. Louis Code (1999) and Vienna Code (2005), (iii) Phylocode, a new system of nomenclature, and (iv) Classification and major characters of subclasses and orders of dicotyledons and monocotyledons. In Comparative Tables of Selected Families, 13 new tables have been added, thus increasing the total number from 20 to 33 comparative tables. Another new feature is an index-listing of all relevant medicinal usages of discussed plants given at the end of the book. These additions will prove to be of great help to the students while preparing for their examination.

The major highlights of this book are as follows:

• Complete coverage of all important topics in Plant Taxonomy

- Plant Classification

- Plant Collection and Specimen Preparation

- Identification and Botanical Nomenclature

- Herbarium and Botanical Gardens

- Phylogeny

- Classification System and Description of 89 Families

• Four recent application-based Chapters

- Numerical Taxonomy

- Chemotaxonomy

- Serotaxonomy

- Molecular Taxonomy

• Examination Preparation Tools to aid students memorise basics and prepare efficiently for their examinations

- All 89 Families summarised in a Table

- 33 questions on ‘Differentiate between the families'

- 164 Chapter-end Examination Review Questions

• Rich pedagogy

- More than 900 rich plant organs sketches and floral diagrams

- Around 40 tables

• Updated as per International Botanical Congress Guidelines, (St. Louis, Missouri, July-August 1999) organised by IAPT: St. Louis Code, The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.

Plant Taxonomy, in its present form, should now meet the needs of undergraduate students of all universities of the country taking botany as their major subject. It should also cater to the complete requirements of postgraduate students of Botany, Agriculture and Forestry in majority of the Indian Universities. As has already been in the past, the book should also be useful for and liked by students preparing for AIPMT, CPMT, NET, SLET, IAS, IFS, PCS and several other major competitive examinations.

A major highlight of this revised edition is that all chapters are largely independent, so that the teacher may choose the desired sequence of topics according to his/her syllabus requirements. The level of presentation is primarily for undergraduate students and based mainly on the assumption that the students will have had an introductory Botany course. The author hopes that the book in its present form will prove stimulating to serious amateurs, teachers as well as professionals who are specialists in other fields but use classifications and other taxonomic information about flowering plants.

Before going to press, the revised manuscript was critically reviewed by some experts in the field, including Dr Tariq Husain, Angiosperm Taxonomy and Herbarium Division, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow; Dr N K Soni, Department of Botany, Dr H S Gour University, Sagar; and Dr P J Handique, Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati. Besides several positive comments and suggestions of these reviewers, one of them even commented that, “This book is above all the books available on Plant Taxonomy in the country”. For the pains taken by these reviewers, the author acknowledges their help and thank them all by heart.

Without the help of my dear student, Dr Mayank Uday Charaya, Professor of Botany, C.C.S. University, Meerut, this book would have not come in its present form. I express my heartfelt feelings to Professor Charaya and his team for searching latest information through the Internet. For several types of suggestions, technical clarifications and encouragements, I also express my gratitude to Dr R Shiam (my teacher from BSc to PhD), Dr N P Saxena (Meerut), Dr Lokendra Singh (Meerut) and Dr H P Pandey (University of Allahabad).

At this stage, I cannot ignore the help, support, cooperation and total dedication that my wife Dr (Mrs) Kanti D Sharma, PhD extended to me during the entire period of the preparation of this book. She deserves all my love and appreciation. Throughout this period, I had no option but to ignore my grandchildren (Kuhu and Karan), though deeply unwillingly. To them, I can simply say that I love both of you to my fullest.

I would be grateful if users of the book notify me of any errors or omissions that come to their notice. Comments and suggestions for improvements may be sent to tmh.sciencemathsfeedback@ gmail.com (kindly mention the title and author name in the subject line).

[EBOOK] PLANT TAXONOMY, O P Sharma, Tata McGraw-Hill Education Private Limited

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[EBOOK] Recent Developments in Management of Plant Diseases, Ulrich Gisi, Ilan Chet and M. Lodovica Gullino, Published by Springer

In addition to being scientifically interesting, plant pathology covers very practical aspects such as the study of symptoms, causes and mechanisms of disease development as well as the development of methods to manage plant diseases. Reliable disease management is the foundation for both the quantity and quality of plant products available to the world population and contributes to maintain the health and beauty of our landscape. Considering that an average of 14% of the produced crops are lost to plant diseases and another 6-12% loss after harvest, particularly in developing countries, it is easy to understand the need of measures to manage plant diseases.

Plant disease management remains an important component of plant pathology and is more complex today than before including new innovation in diagnostic kits for early and more precise diagnosis, the discovery of new modes of action of chemicals with low environmental impact and biological control agents with reliable and persistent activity as well as the development of new plant varieties with durable disease resistance.

This book is a collection of the invited lectures given at the 9th International Congress of Plant Pathology (ICPP 2008), held in Torino, August 24-29, 2008 and is part of a series of volumes on Plant Pathology in the twenty-first Century. It focuses on new developments of disease management and provides a very much updated overview of the state of the art given by world experts in the different fields of disease management. At ICPP 2008, 8 out of 56 Sessions dealt with disease management, demonstrating the importance of the subject. The different chapters deal with basic aspects of disease management, mechanisms of action of biological control agents, innovation in fungicide application, exploitation of natural compounds and resistance strategies. Moreover, the management of soil-borne diseases and disease management in organic farming are covered.

Twenty-five chapters are organised in five sections that cover concepts in chemical and biological control, exploitation of natural compounds, control of soil-borne plant diseases, plant breeding and resistance strategies.

We believe that, besides representing a written testimony of ICPP 2008, this book will be useful for all plant pathologists as well as students in advanced courses interested to go in depth into the exciting world of disease management.

We wish to thank all the colleagues who accepted to be part of this book, Zuzana Bernhart and her group at Springer for the technical support and Laura Castellani for her skilful administrative assistance.

[EBOOK] Recent Developments in Management of Plant Diseases, Ulrich Gisi, Ilan Chet and M. Lodovica Gullino, Published by Springer

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[EBOOK] Rice Research Studies, R.J. Norman and T.H. Johnston, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas

The research reports in this publication represent one year of results; therefore, these results should not be used as a basis for long-term recommendations.

Several research reports in this publication dealing with soil fertility also appear in Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 1996, Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 455. This duplication is the result of the overlap in research coverage between the two series and our effort to inform Arkansas rice producers of all the research being conducted with funds from the rice check-off.

Use of products and trade names in any of the research reports of this publication does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the products named and does not signify that these products are approved to the exclusion of comparable products.

All authors are either current or former faculty, staff or students of the University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture. For further information about any author, contact Agricultural Publications, (501)575-5647.

[EBOOK] Rice Research Studies, R.J. Norman and T.H. Johnston, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas

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[EBOOK] Water-wise Rice Production, Edited by B.A.M. Bouman, H. Hengsdijk, B. Hardy, P.S. Bindraban, T.P. Tuong, and J.K. Ladha, IRRI

Food security in Asia is challenged by increasing food demand and threatened by declining water availability. More than 75% of the annual rice supply comes from 79 million ha of irrigated paddy land. Thus, the present and future food security of Asia depends largely on the irrigated rice production system. However, rice is a profligate user of water. It takes 3,000-5,000 liters to produce 1 kilogram of rice, which is about 2 to 3 times more than to produce 1 kilogram of other cereals such as wheat or maize. Until recently, this amount of water has been taken for granted. Now, however, the water crisis threatens the sustainability of the irrigated rice ecosystem. In Asia, 17 million ha of irrigated rice areas may experience “physical water scarcity” and 22 million ha “economic water scarcity” by 2025. To safeguard food security and preserve precious water resources, ways must be explored to grow rice using less water. Various studies are under way to develop water-saving technologies for rice production, and there is a need to take stock and review the progress.

IRRI, together with Plant Research International of Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR-PRI; The Netherlands), organized a thematic workshop on Water-Wise Rice Production held 8-11 April 2002 at IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines. The objectives were to present and discuss the state-of-the-art in the development, dissemination, and adoption of water-saving technologies at spatial scales ranging from the field to irrigation system. The workshop brought together scientists and irrigation system managers from several consortia and projects examining water scarcity in rice production: the Water Workgroup of the Irrigated Rice Research Consortium, the Rice-Wheat Consortium, and the projects “Water-less Rice,” Growing More Rice with Less Water,” and “Ground Cover Rice Production Systems.” In total, there were 75 participants from 12 countries. At the workshop, the participants created the International Platform for Saving Water in Rice (IPSWAR; www.irri.org/ipswar/ about_us/ipswar.htm). The platform’s purpose is to be a mechanism to increase the efficiency and enhance the coherence of research on water savings in rice-based cropping systems in Asia.

This book contains the papers presented at the workshop. One chapter of the book is included as a video on CD-ROM in the back of the book.

[EBOOK] Water-wise Rice Production, Edited by B.A.M. Bouman, H. Hengsdijk, B. Hardy, P.S. Bindraban, T.P. Tuong, and J.K. Ladha, IRRI

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[EBOOK] Rice-maize systems in Asia: current situation and potential, J. Timsina, R.J. Buresh, A. Dobermann, and J. Dixon, IRRI

Rice-maize (R-M) cropping systems have emerged in recent years on 3.5 million hectares in Asia in response to the increasing demand from a rapidly expanding human population for rice and livestock products. They are rapidly spreading in southern and northeastern India and Bangladesh, driven by the rising demand for maize by the poultry and fish sectors and the tightening world export-import markets. The recent development of short-duration rice varieties and maize hybrids with improved drought tolerance is also providing opportunities for the expansion of R-M systems into areas of South Asia with insufficient irrigation or rain for continuous rice cultivation. Agroecologically, R-M systems have the potential to expand into broad climatic zones across Asia. Because strong economic multipliers exist between food production and feed and livestock production, more diversified cropping systems are also likely to become a key engine for economic growth in rural areas of Asia. This will contribute to more diversified diets, improved human nutrition, reduced poverty, and greater investment in other aspects of quality of life such as education and health care. R-M systems will also provide new business opportunities for the local agribusiness sector, including hybrid seed production and marketing, the fertilizer sector, the agricultural machinery sector, and the grain marketing and livestock feed-processing sector.

Recognizing the importance of diversifying cropping systems in Asia and the need for system-level research to support new opportunities for agricultural development, IRRI and CIMMYT scientists, in collaboration with NARES partners, have recently begun work on R-M systems in many countries of Asia. This report contains information on a strategic assessment of R-M systems for 29 selected sites representing diverse soils, climate, and agroecosystems across nine countries in Asia (Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam). Conducted jointly by IRRI and CIMMYT, the process involves regional and site-level biophysical assessment, supported by socioeconomic evaluation using economic data at the regional level and some microeconomic data. Biophysical assessment includes agroecosystem characterization of R-M systems, analysis of historical daily climatic data, and regional-level prediction of yield potential for the 29 sites. The study then provides a detailed analysis of 10 selected sites to understand existing cropping systems, identify alternative potential systems, and explore measures to optimize these.

The Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA), a project funded by the Gates Foundation and USAID in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan, was launched in early 2009. It now provides an overall strategy and a new umbrella for contributing new science and technologies to accelerate short- and long-term cereal production growth in South Asia’s most important grain baskets. It builds on technologies developed and lessons learned from the Rice-Wheat Consortium (RWC) and many other investments in agricultural R&D by both the public and private sector. Through creating and facilitating innovative and effective public-/private-sector partnerships in key “hubs” in South Asia, CSISA will boost the deployment of existing varieties, hybrids, crop- and aquaculture-related management technologies, and market information. The results from the strategic assessment of R-M systems are already being used in several CSISA hubs, and we hope that they will find wider usage in other countries as well.

We would like to thank the authors and their partners who took on the task of putting together this important book, which we are sure cereal systems researchers, donors, policymakers, and other stakeholders interested in cereal systems research and policy will find insightful.

[EBOOK] Rice-maize systems in Asia: current situation and potential, J. Timsina, R.J. Buresh, A. Dobermann, and J. Dixon, IRRI

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[EBOOK] Handbook of 200 Medicinal Plants (A Comprehensive Review of Their Traditional Medical Uses and Scientific Justifications), Shahid Akbar, Published by Springer

Medicinal plants have served humanity since its beginning. An overwhelming majority of the rural population of the world still relies on plant-based drugs for their healthcare needs. Earlier generations studied these plants utilizing only their keen sense of observation, and undying dedication to humanity, uncorrupted by financial considerations. With the wealth of inherited knowledge about these plants coupled with modern scientific tools, we have been able to harvest the benefits of some of these plants. However, the scientific community has barely scratched the surface of these natural wonders. Pharmacologists in the field of natural products have relied for references of medical uses of plants in Indian systems of medicine on books like Indigenous Drugs of India by Sir R. N. Chopra et al., Indian Medicinal Plants by K. R. Kirtikar and B. D. Basu, and Indian Materia Medica by K. M. Nadkarni. These books have served as excellent references for scientists from around the world for decades. I have also utilized these references for this book.

Interest in natural products has exponentially increased in the past few decades and pharmacological research in natural products is expanding worldwide. With modern daily life heavily influenced with science and technology, the use of medicinal plants has to keep pace, and evolve with it, especially in the mode of their utilization. Furthermore, the spiraling cost of drugs and overall healthcare is untenable, and our sincere efforts should be directed unbiased to unlock the hidden secrets of these natural and inexpensive resources to discover new prototype molecules to meet the growing healthcare challenges of our time. The worth of these plants is only realized by those who have benefitted from them, and I would like to quote here my Prof. (Late) Marvin H. Malone, who said at the VII Symposium on Pharmacognosy, held in Brussels in October 1980, “No person willingly will take an inactive drug when he or she is sick, and no human will patronize an ineffective medicine man when he or she is ill.”

Conceived more than 35 years ago in the absence of personal computers let alone Internet, obtaining credible and comprehensive information about the included plants, possible only by hand searches and limited to available resources, was a painfully slow and difficult task. However, with the advent of Internet and paid publications of the twenty-first century exploded the information available on these plants. At the time of conception of this book, international emphasis was being placed to exploit local customs and resources of the countries around the world to meet “Health for All by the Year 2000”, the goal WHO had set in 1978. Although the self-imposed deadline passed a long time ago without achieving that noble target, there has been a resurgence of interest in medicinal plants in the twenty-first century but for different reasons, one being the interest in everything “natural”, and second the exploding cost of healthcare. Undeniably, unprecedented progress has been made in medical care over the past half a century, but at an unaffordable high cost. In 1980, after a sudden increase in healthcare cost from the previous year, the U.S. per capita expenditure on healthcare ballooned to $1,067 that paled in comparison to a new milestone of $10,345 reached in 2016, and still moving upward.

Selection of plants for this book was discretionary, but largely based on the extent of their use in the traditional systems of medicine of Indian subcontinent. Some of these plants have been extensively studied, while others are still waiting to be explored. The customary practice of describing medicinal properties of plants in abstract terms leaves much to be desired. For example, statement of being anticancer, anti-inflammatory or cardiotonic, does not provide enough information with all nuances of the nature of the past work done. In this exercise, I endeavored to provide sufficient information (where available) for each plant covered in this book, for the inquisitive mind to chart a rewarding future course of action, including the controversies in identification, variations in active constituents, and other reasons for variations in observed effects, etc. I hope that it serves the purpose for which it was conceived and worked upon.

[EBOOK] Handbook of 200 Medicinal Plants (A Comprehensive Review of Their Traditional Medical Uses and Scientific Justifications), Shahid Akbar, Published by Springer

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