[EBOOK] Principles of Fermentation Technology (Second Edition), P. F.Stanbury et al., (BH)

The term "fermentation" is derived from the Latin verb fervere to boil, thus describing the appearance of the action of yeast on extracts of fruit or malted grain. The boiling appearance is due to the production of carbon dioxide bubbles caused by the anaerobic catabolism of the sugars present in the extract. However, fermentation has come to have different meanings to biochemists and to industrial microbiologists. Its biochemical meaning relates to the generation of energy by the catabolism of organic compounds, whereas its meaning in industrial microbiology tends to be much broader.

The catabolism of sugars is an oxidative process which results in the production of reduced pyridine nucleotides which must be reoxidized for the process to continue. Under aerobic conditions, reoxidation of reduced pyridine nucleotide occurs by electron transfer, via the cytochrome system, with oxygen acting as the terminal electron acceptor. However, under anaerobic conditions, reduced pyridine nucleotide oxidation is coupled with the reduction of an organic compound, which is often a subsequent product of the catabolic pathway. In the case of the action of yeast on fruit or grain extracts, NADH is regenerated by the reduction of pyruvic acid-to ethanol. Different microbial taxa are capable of reducing pyruvate to a wide range of end products, as illustrated in Fig. 1.1. Thus, the term fermentation has been used in a strict biochemical sense to mean an energy-generation process in which organic compounds act as both electron donors and terminal electron acceptors.

The production of alcohol by the action of yeast on malt or fruit extracts has been carried out on a large scale for very many years and was the first ‘industrial’ process for the production of a microbial metabolite. Thus, industrial microbiologists have extended the term fermentation to describe any process for the production.

[EBOOK] Principles of Fermentation Technology (Second Edition), P. F. Stanbury et al., (BH)

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