[EBOOK] ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO INTEGRATED PESTMANAGEMENT IN RICE IN TROPICAL ASIA, W. H. Reissig, E. A. Heinrichs, J. A. Litsinger, K. Moody, L. Fiedler, T. W. Mew, and A.T. Barrion, IRRI

In the past, farmers in tropical Asia grew traditional rice cultivars and either relied primarily on cultural, mechanical, and physical methods of pest control or practiced no pest control. Pesticide application was limited because the yield potential of traditional varieties was too low to justify additional investments. Although pests destroyed part of each crop, severe outbreaks or epidemics were rare.

The widespread introduction of high-yielding rice cultivars in Asia in the last two decades and the associated changes in production practices have improved conditions for insects, diseases, weeds, and rodents. The higher yield potential of the new rices also made increased pesticide application economically attractive to farmers.

The replacement of traditional control methods by pesticides could increase hazards to nontarget organisms, however, and lead to the development of pesticide resistance and environmental contamination. To minimize such problems, Asian farmers must again diversify their pest control practices — a strategy that scientists now term integrated pest management (IPM).

Recently, scientists working in national rice production programs and at international agricultural research centers have written extensively about IPM for tropical rice. Many of the publications are research-oriented, fragmented, and too technical for nonscientists. Furthermore, much of the highly specialized information often focuses on a single species or a small group of pests.

This publication provides practical and comprehensive information to IPM workers in rice fields throughout tropical Asia. It briefly discusses rice plant structure and growth stages and stresses their relation to pest management. There are separate sections on cultural control of rice pests, resistant rice varieties, natural enemies of rice insect pests, and pesticides. The biology and management of the major groups of rice pests — insects, diseases, weeds, and rodents — are discussed in separate sections. Finally, integrated control measures for the entire rice pest complex and the implementation of IPM strategies at the farmer level are described.

This volume represents the combined efforts of many persons. The style and first draft of the text were developed by W. H. Reissig of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, USA, during a 1979-80 sabbatic leave at IRRI. Reissig's firsthand experience in developing IPM strategies for farmers gave him the necessary background to organize the information in a useful form. E. A. Heinrichs, IRRl entomologist, reviewed the technical material and worked with IRRl editors and artists after Reissig's departure.

J. A. Litsinger, IRRl cropping systems entomologist, provided technical information on the biology and management of many insect pests and composed the section on cultural control. K. Moody, IRRl agronomist, supplied technical information and reviewed the section on biology and control of weeds. L. A. Fiedler, a research biologist from the Denver Wildlife Research Center, stationed at the National Crop Protection Center, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, acted as technical consultant in the preparation of the section on Biology and Management of Riceland Rats in Southeast Asia. T. W. Mew, IRRI plant pathologist, provided technical information and reviewed the section on disease management. A. T. Barrion, IRRl entomology department senior research assistant, served as technical consultant and worked with artists in the preparation of the section on Natural Enemies of Rice Insect Pests.

This volume can be easily translated into the various languages of Southeast Asia and serve as a key source of information for IPM training programs. We hope that it will stimulate the implementation of IPM technology by rice farmers in tropical Asia as well as the development of similar publications for other rice-growing regions.

[EBOOK] ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO INTEGRATED PESTMANAGEMENT IN RICE IN TROPICAL ASIA, W. H. Reissig, E. A. Heinrichs, J. A. Litsinger, K. Moody, L. Fiedler, T. W. Mew, and A.T. Barrion, IRRI

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[EBOOK] Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions In Agriculture - A Manual to Address Data Requirements for Developing Countries

Countries report dieir greeidiouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals from all sectors via national GHG Inventories, submitted to tile United Nations Framework Convention OI1 Climate Giauge (UNFCCQ in accordance widi international climate policy agreements and tcclmical guidelines developed by die Inteigovemmental Rnd OI1 Qimate Qiange (IPCC).

'Die agiicultiur sector represents a unique challenge for national inventory compilers, especially in developing countries, due to significant difficulties in compiling and regularly updating national statistics for agriculture, forestry' and land use —die first necessary step in preparing aational GỈIG estimates.

The limited capacity to identify and collect reliable activity data and to quantify emissions by sources and removals by sinks, including in countries where agriculture and land use activities are a key component of the national economy and a driver of employment, cotdd furthermore lead to limited access to international climate finance of importance to rural development, stich as for instance REDD+ activities and Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs).

MO supports Its Member Countries with data, guidelines and technical expertise towards an enhanced global knowledge base on GHG emissions and mitigation potentials. The MonừotÌHỊ atid Assessment ofGHG Emissions and MừiỊation Potentials in Av iculture - SÍAGHG Project of die Climate. Ettctgy and Land Tenure Division's Mitigation Programme (MICCA), in close collaboration widi the MO Statistics Division and die FAO Forestry Division UN REDD Programme, has developed and made available relevant activity data. GE1G emission estimates databases and analysis tools through the MOSTATdatabase. These products are used in regional and country-level capacity' development activities that support practitioners in assessing and reporting GHG emissions from agriculture and land use categories. With a view to strengthening dieứ national processes, with a focus on preparation and submission of GHG Inventories, Biennial Update Reports (BURs) and NAMAs.

Tills Manual provides Member Countries with a tool and mediodology to help identify, build and access die ummnum set of activity data needed for GHG estimation. Required data IS largely drawn from country’s official national agricultural and forestry statistics, as disseminated inMO’s corporate database MOSTAT. and integrated by geo spatial data obtained from recognized international sources. Users are provided widi step-by-step guidance oil how to use dns minimum set to build a default, yet complete national GHG emission dataset for agriculture and land use. winch follows die defaidt. Her 1 approach of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Cliauge (IPCC) Guidelines on National GHG Inventories.

This Manual dierefore contributes to FAO and die Global Strategy support to national processes towards improved agricultural and rural statistics. It can be used as a guide by staff of national statistical offices, euviroiunental ministries and other relevant national agencies, to understand die international context of international climate policy (Ch. 2) and international guidelines (Ch. 3), identify needs for improved agricultural and rural data as well as emission estimates towards improving GHG Inventories (Gh. 4), wlnle supplying practical infonuadoii and examples based on accessing and using die MOSTATEmissions database for agriculture and land use (Ch. 5).

Improving statistical processes for GHG estimation has wider implications beyond climate change mitigation. Improved statistics on agrictdniral and land use activities enable Member Countries better identify climate responses that arc consistent with their rural development and food security objectives, including preserving natural resources, increasing resilience of production systems and creating new employment opportunities.

[EBOOK] Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions In Agriculture - A Manual to Address Data Requirements for Developing Countries

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[EBOOK] Info ROOT VEGETABLES (Field and postharvest machinery and materials)

Measured in planted area, onions are the second crop in Germany, after asparagus and close over carrots (11293 ha in 2017). Yearly production is about 500.0001.

Planting starts in March/April and the produce is cropped between August and October. Being a product of easy storage - over seven months -, consumption can be regulated along the year.

In spite of that, domestic production does not cover consumption. Between 2012 and 2016, average yearly imports amounted to 238.0001.

Another fact conditions the onion market in Germany. As a matter of fact, there are two markets in the country. Sweet onions, which have a good caliber and a soft taste, do not grow in Central Europe and must be imported all year round. From Mediterranean countries - mostly Spain - or from the Southern hemisphere in the offseason. Domestic produce ("Haushaltware") with much intense taste can be stored. In spite of that, in a long storage organoleptic properties spoil. New Zealand becomes then an important supplier. Its produce is on the market between March and July. Spanish produce is all year round available, even when it also suffers when submitted to long storage periods.

In spite of those complexities, the good storage characteristics of the onions help to keep the German market somehow stable all year round.

[EBOOK] Info ROOT VEGETABLES (Field and postharvest machinery and materials)

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Keyword: ebook, giáo trình, Info ROOT VEGETABLES, Field and postharvest machinery and materials, thông tin về rau củ, kỹ thuật trồng rau củ, Máy móc và vật liệu sau thu hoạch, cơ giới hoá nông nghiệp

[EBOOK] Plant Pathogens and Principles of Plant Pathology-ICAR e-Course For B.Sc (Agriculture) and B.Tech (Agriculture)

Lecture 01 - Introduction

Definition and History of Plant Pathology

Plant Pathology

Plant pathology or phytopathology is the science, which deals with the plant diseases. It is concerned with health and productivity of growing plants. Phytopathology ( Greek Phyton = plant + pathos - disease, ailments + logos = discourse, knowledge) is the branch of agricultural, botanical or biological science which deals with the cause, etiology (aetiology), resulting in losses and management methods of plant diseases.

Plant pathology can also be defined as the study of the nature, cause and prevention of plant diseases. Plant pathology is related to most of the old and new sciences like biology, physics, chemistry, physiology, mathematics, genetics, soil science, biochemistry, biotechnology etc. Plant pathology has the following major objectives.

1. To study biotic (living), mesobiotic and abiotic (non-living and environmental) causes of diseases or disorders

2. To study the mechanisms of disease development by pathogens

3. To study the plant (host)-pathogen interaction in relation to environment

4. To develop methods of management of plant diseases

Plant diseases

Plant diseases are recognized by the symptoms (external or internal) produced by them or by sick appearance of the plant. The term plant disease signifies the condition of the plant due to disease or cause of the disease. Plant disease is mainly defined in terms of the damage caused to the plant or to its organ. The other definitions for the term disease are:

1. Disease is a malfunctioning process that is caused by continuous irritation, which results in some suffering producing symptoms. This definition is accepted by both American Phytopathological Society and British Mycological Society.

2. Disease is an alteration in one or more of the ordered sequential series of physiological processes culminating in a loss of coordination of energy utilization in a plant as a result of the continuous irritation from the presence or absence of some factor or agent.

3. A plant is said to be ‘diseased’ when there is a harmful deviation from normal functioning of physiological process (Federation of British Plant Pathologists, 1973).

4. The disease can also be defined as 'any disturbance brought about by a living entity or non-living agents or environmental factors which interfere with manufacture, translocation or utilization of food, mineral nutrients and water in such a way that the affected plant changes in appearance with or without much loss in yield than that of a normal healthy plant of the same variety. In general disease is an interaction among the host, parasite and the environment.

Man became painfully aware of plant diseases in the early times of antiquity. This is evidenced by the inclusion of blasting and mildew in the Old Testament. Our ancient religious literature gives informations on plant diseases much before their mention by the Greek philosopher, Theophrastus. Rigveda, Atharvanaveda (1500-500 B.C.), the Artha Shashtra of Kautilya (321-186 B.C.), Sushrute Samhita (200-500 A.D.), Vishnu Puran (500 A.D.),

Agnipuran (500-700 A.D.) and Vishnudharmottar (500-700 A.D.) are some of the ancient books from India where diseases and other enemies of plants are mentioned. In Rigveda, classification of plant diseases and germ theory of disease were discussed.

The learned men during Vedic period were aware that the diseases are caused by microbes. The book "Vraksha Ayurveda" written by Surapal in ancient India contained information on plant diseases. This is the Indian book, which gave first information on plant diseases. He divided plant diseases into two groups viz., internal and external. Plant diseases like rust, smut, downy mildew, powdery mildew and blight were mentioned in the Bible.

The Greek Philosopher, Theophrastus (370-286 B.C.) was the first to study and write about the diseases of trees, cereals and legumes. In his book 'Enquiry into plants' Theophrastus has recorded his observations, imaginations and experiences but they were not based on any experiments. He had mentioned that plants of different groups have different diseases, which are autonomous or spontaneous i.e., no external causes were associated with the plant diseases. The history in several aspects of plant pathology is given as below.

Mycology

1675 - Dutch worker Anton von Leeuwenhoek developed the first microscope.

1729 - Italian botanist P. A. Micheli proposed fungi comes from spores; father of Mycology. 1755 - French botanist Tillet published a paper on bunt or stinking smut of wheat; discovered bunt is a disease of wheat.

1807 - French scientist I. B. Prevost showed bunt of wheat is a fungus and showed evidence that a disease is caused by a microorganism.

1821 - E. M. Fries published Systema Mycologicum for naming of fungi; he was named as Linnaeus of Mycology.

1821 - Robertson of England stated that sulphur is effective against peach mildew.

1845 - Irish Potato famine due to Phytophthora infestans caused starvation of million and immigration of 1.5 million people.

1858 - J. G. Kuhn published first textbook in Plant Pathology - The Diseases of Cultivated Crops, their Causes and their Control.

1861 -Anton de Bary (Germany) worked out the life cycle of potato late blight and first to prove experimentally Phytophthora infestans is the cause of potato late blight. He proved that fungi are causes but not the results of diseases. He is the Father of Modern Plant Pathology.

1865 - Anton de Bary reported heteroecious nature of wheat stem rust.

1869 - England loses coffee production to coffee rust, forced to grow tea.

1874 -Robert Hartig published a book entitled, “Important Diseases of Forest Trees”. 1875-1912 - Brefeld discovered the methods of artificial culture of microorganisms;

he also illustrated the complete life cycles of cereal smut fungi and diseases caused by them.

1877 - M. S. Woronin discovered and named the Club root of Cabbage pathogen as Plasmodiophora brassicae.

1878 - M. S. Woronin found out the life cycle of potato wart disease.

1878 -Downy mildew of grapevine was introduced into Europe from America. The disease almost ruined the wine industry.

1881 -H.M. Ward worked out the life cycle of coffee leaf rust. He is called as Father of Tropical Plant Pathology.

1882 -Robert Hartig published a textbook -Diseases of Trees. He is called as "Father of Forest Pathology".

1885 -Pierre Marie Alexis Millardet accidentally discovered the Bordeaux mixture for the control of downy mildew of grapevine.

1885 - A. B. Frank defined and named mycorrhizal associations in plant roots.

1887 -Burgundy mixture was introduced by Mason of France.

1894 -Swedish scientist Eriksson described the phenomenon of physiologic races in cereal rust fungus, Puccinia graminis.

1899 - W. A. Orton selected and bred water-melon, cowpea and cotton for resistance to Fusarium wilt diseases. He is considered as a pioneer worker in the development of diseaseresistant varieties.

1904 - A. F. Blakeslee, American Geneticist founded heterothallism in Rhizopus

1904 - R. H. Biffen was the first to show that resistance to pathogens in plants can be inherited as a Mendelian character; pioneer in genetics of plant disease resistance.

1912 - H. Burgeff reported that within a cell of a fungus, fusion between dissimilar nuclei can occur. He called this phenomenon as heterokaryosis.

1917 -E. C. Stakman demonstrated physiologic forms in stem rust of wheat.

1918 -E.J.Butler published book on Fungi and Disease in Plants; he made exhaustive study on Indian fungi and the diseases caused by them. He is called as the Father of Modern Plant Pathology in India; He joined as the first Director of Imperial Bureau of Mycology (Commonwealth Mycological Institute, CMI) now CAB International Mycological Institute in Kew, England in 1920. He began the journal Review of Applied Mycology; with S.G. Jones he wrote, 'Plant Pathology' in 1949.

1929 -Sir Alexander Fleming isolated the antibiotic, Penicillin from the fungus, Penicillium notatum.

1932 - H. N. Hansen and R. E. Smith were the first to demonstrate the origin of physiologic races through heterokaryosis.

1934 -W. H. Tisdale and I. Williams studied the organic fungicides by discovering alkyl dithiocarbamates.

1938 - H. N. Hansen found out dual phenomenon in Fungi Imperfecti.

1942 - H. H. Flor developed gene-for-gene hypothesis in flax rust.

1943 - Great Bengal Famine due to Helminthosporium oryzae caused death of 2 million people in India.

1943 -Dimond, Heuberger and Horsfall discovered the ethylene bis dithiocarbamates.

1945 -J. G. Horsfall explored the mechanism of fungicidal action.

1948 -B. B. Mundkur started Indian Phytopathological Society with its journal Indian

Phytopathology. He has written a book ‘Fungi and Plant Diseases’ in 1949, which is the second, book in plant pathology in India.

1951-57 -E. A. Gaumann was one of the first to investigate the physiology of the wilts caused by Fusarium spp. He put forth the involvement of toxin (toxin theory) in wilt diseases.

1952 -N.F. Jensen suggested blending of different resistant genotypes of similar agronomic characters in fields of oats to reduce the spread of rust and losses from rust.

1953 -N. E. Borlaug and associates developed multiline cultivars for wheat.

1953 - Pontecorvo and his associates demonstrated parasexualism in fungi.

1956 -J. G. Horsfall published a book entitled "Principles of Fungicidal action"

1957 - E. C. Stakman with J. G. Harrar wrote a book Principles of Plant Pathology.

1963 - J. E. Van der Plank found out vertical and horizontal types of resistance in crop plants.

1966 -van Schmeling and Marshall Kulka were the first to find out systemic fungicides (oxathiin compounds - carboxin and oxycarboxin).

1970 -S. D. Garrett investigated the management of root diseases and he is the pioneer worker in the field of biological control. 1972 - G. Rangaswami wrote a book on Diseases of Crop Plants in India.

Plant Bacteriology

1683 - Anton von Leeuwenhoek first observed bacteria.

1876 -Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch -They proved that anthrax disease of cattle was caused by specific bacterium.

1876 -Robert Koch of Germany described the theory called "Koch's postulates." He established the principles of pure culture technique.

1876 -Robert Koch and Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation of diseases and propose germ theory in relation to the diseases of man and animal.

1882 -American Plant Pathologist -T. J. Burrill first time proved that fire blight of apple and pear was caused by a bacterium (now known as Erwinia amylovora).

1901-1920 E.F.Smith of U.S.A gave the final proof of the fact that bacteria could be incitants of plant diseases. He also worked on the bacterial wilt of cucurbits and crown gall disease. He is also called as "Father of Phytobacteriology". Chilton and his coworkers demonstrated that crown gall bacterium transforms plant cell to tumour cell by introducing into them a plasmid.

1910 -C. O. Jensen related crown gall of plants to cancer of animals.

1952 -J. Lederberg coined the term plasmid 1952 - S. A. Waksman won Nobel prize for the discovery of streptomycin.

1952 - Zinder and J. Lederberg discovered transduction in bacteria 1962 - H. Stolp discovered bdellovibrios.

1972 - P. B. New and A. Kerr success in biological control of A. radiobacter strain K.

1972 - I. M. Windsor and L. M. Black observed a new kind of phloem inhabiting bacterium causing clover club leaf disease.

1974 - I. Zanen et al. demonstrated Ti plasmid in Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

1980 - D. W. Dye et al. introduced the pathovar in the taxonomy of plant pathogenic bacteria.

Plant Virology

1886 -Adolf Mayer described a disease of tobacco called mosaikkranheit (tobacco mosaic). Adolf Mayer demonstrated the sap transmission of Tobacco Mosaic Virus disease.

1892 -Dimitri Ivanowski demonstrated that the causal agent of tobacco mosaic could pass through bacterial filter.

1895 -E.F. Smith of U.S.A. showed the peach yellows was a contagious disease.

1898 -M.W. Beijerinck -a Dutch microbiologist and founder of virology proved that the virus inciting tobacco mosaic is not a microorganism. He believed it to be contagium vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid). He was the first to use the term virus, which is the Latin word for poison.

1929 -F. O. Holmes provided a tool by which the virus could be measured by showing that the amount of virus present in a plant sample preparation is proportional to the number of local lesions produced on appropriate host plant leaves rubbed with the contaminated sap.

1935 -W. M. Stanley proved that viruses can be made as crystals. He got Nobel Prize in 1946.

1936 -F. C. Bawden and, N.W. Pirie (Britain) found that the crystalline nature of the virus contains nucleic acid and protein.

1939 -Kausche and colleagues first time saw the TMV virus particles with the help of Electron microscope.

1956 -Gierer and Schramm proved that the nucleic acid fraction of the virus is actually the infectious agent.

1959 -Munday succeeded in inducing TMV mutations.

1966 -Kassanis discovered the satellite viruses.

1971 -T. O. Diener discovered viroids, which only consist of nucleic acids. Smaller than viruses, caused potato spindle tuber disease (250-400 bases long of single-stranded circular molecule of infectious RNA).

Phytoplasma

1967 - Doi et al and Ishiie et al, the Japanese scientists found that mycoplasmalike organisms (MLO) could be responsible for the disease of the yellows type. Doi observed that MLO's are constantly present in phloem while Ishiie observed MLO's temporarily disappeared when the plants are treated with tetracycline antibodies.

Spiroplasma

1972-Davies et al., observed that a motile, helical wall-less microorganism associated with corn stunt diseases, which could be cultured and characterized and they named it as spiroplasma.

[EBOOK] Plant Pathogens and Principles of Plant Pathology-ICAR e-Course For B.Sc (Agriculture) and B.Tech (Agriculture)

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[EBOOK] IAS RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS, DR. BUI CHI BUU ET AL., IAS (Institute of Agricultural Science for Southern Vietnam)

The Institute of Agricultural Sciences for Southern Vietnam (IAS) is an institution that performs experimental research projects for development of agricultural scientific technology, propagation of newly developed scientific technology, varieties, farming technology education for Southern Vietnam. In 2007, there were a lot of chance and threat, a turning point for much of the country, when Vietnam became a 150th WTO member. Although several casual disasters as flooding and typhoons, brown plant hopper outbreak with virus disease transmission, bird flu, serious porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus disease (PRRSV), volatile world prices on fuel and fertilizer; agricultural production In the country was remarkably higher than the previous year. It not only ensured food security but was also among the 10 key exports to earn revenue of more than $1 billion.

Total value of agriculture obtained VND 231,282 billion accounting for 20.23% of GDP; production value enhanced 4.6%; total value Increased 3.4%.

Grain food production offered 39.98 million tons, including rice and maize of 35.87 million tons, and 4.1 million tons, respectively. Rice growing areas developed 7.2 million ha, reducing 1 25,000 ha; with Its average yield of 4.98 t/ha. Maize growing areas developed 1.068 million ha (augmented 4%); with average yield of 3.85 t/ha (increasing 4.1%)

Groundnut production obtained 505,000 t, sugar cane: 17.4 million tons, soybean: 275,500 t. Black pepper obtained 90,300 t, cashew nut: 301,900 t, rubber latex: 601,700 t. Fruit tree areas developed 775,500 ha - Increasing 4,100 ha.

Husbandry production accounted for 24% of total agricultural value. Cow composed of 6.73 million heads (increasing 3%), buffalo: 3 million heads (Increasing 2.6%); poultry 226 million birds (Increasing 5.3%); pig: 22.6 million heads (reducing 1.1%). Meat production gained 3.83 million tons (Increasing 12.56%).

Aqua-production augmented 11% as compared to the last year with total production of 4 15 million tons (increasing 11.5%).

Wood production value increased 1% as compared to 2006. Total forest area is currently 12.85 million ha with forest cover percentage of 38.8%.

Total export value In agriculture eorned SI 2.5 billion (increasing 18%) including agricultural products of $8.7 billion, and aqua-products of $3.8 billion. Rice export has earned $1.46 billion, with 4.5 million tons - increasing 1 3 9% of value, reducing 3.1 % of quantity as compared to 2006. Fruit-vegetable export gained $299 million.

Farmer Income in 2006 offered VND 26.1 million / household; today gained VND 29-30 million / household in 2007.

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) has overhauled its policies to boost agricultural productivity, quality and production, and then transform rural Vietnam through a new economic system. This means quicken the transformation of agricultural production by increasing the ratio of industry and services.

For Southern parts of Vietnam (Mekong Delta and South-East regions), agricultural value increased 3.04% including 2.25% for crop production, 6.23% for husbandry, 2.67% for service, 0.8% for forestry. Rice production in Dong Xuan, He Thu, Thu Dong and Monsoon seasons has obtained 9.62million tons, 7.76 million tons, 1.07 million tons, and 2.13 million tons, respectively. The total rice production in 2007 gained 20.6 million tons (augmenting 701,088 t), with growing areas of 4.13 million ha (reducing 77,754 ha), and average yield 4.98 t / ha (increasing 0.26 t /ha). Maize production gained 1.95 million tons (Increased 225,000 T) with growing areas of 741,700 ha. Cassava production areas covered 293,000 ha (increased 8,000 ha). Annual industrial crops covered 431,000 ha (reduced 20,000 ha) except groundnut Increased 1,000 ha, and 2,000 ha for sugarcane. Soybean obtained 1 54,800 T (increased 28.8%); groundnut obtained 368,000 T (3.7%). Looking to perennial industrial crops, coffee areas in commercial production covered 490,000 ha. Its production gained one million tons (increased 100,000 T as compared to the same time of 2006). Its export value was $1.21 billion (63.9% increased) with 832,000 T. Rubber areas covered 516,000 ho ( + 5%). Its latex production obtained 550,000T ( + 8%). Its export value was $547.3 million ( + 5.8%) with 291,000 T. Tea areas covered 120,000 ha. Its production gained 540,000 T (+ 6,000T). Its export value was $ 44 million (+ 0.9%) with 47,000 T (+ 7.4%). Cashew nut areas covered 340,000 ha. Its production gained 260,000 T. Its export value was $ 258 million (+ 1 7.8%). Fruit tree areas covered 780,000 ha. Estimated total production would be 7 million tons In this year. Pig population reduced 384,000 heads due to animal foot and mouth disease and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. Cattle increased 4-5% except buffalo reduced 1 -2%. Poultry increased 3-4%.

We have learned In 2007 that looking into the future is risky. Furthermore, In the era of limitless competition with the collapse of trading barrier between countries, IAS must be endeavoring to fully perform its role of progressing among agricultural industrialization, farmer intellectualization and rural civilization as "Three Nongs" vision by MARD (three Nongs including: agriculture, farmer, and rural development).

Seventeen new technologies by IAS have been approved and released in 2007.

We are concentrating on improvement of productivity of agricultural industry and development of environmental-friendly agricultural technology to enable harmonious co-existence of human being and natural ecosystem.

We are endeavoring to establish livestock farming that is well harmonized with environment under tropical conditions, to raise the safety level through stabilized stock and elevation of product quality, to prevent livestock disease in advance through system of continuous quarantine.

We are propagating highly pure and superior seeds such as disease-free tomato seedlings, rice, black pepper, maize, soybean, mungbean, peanut, cassava.

Coping with climate change, IAS deals with studying the effect of climate on crops and animals in Southern parts, especially rice production, with the emphasis on examining increased C02 and temperature impacts. The direct and Indirect consequences for agricultural production have to be assessed to develop strategies and technologies to adapt major crops and animals to changing climate. We need to explore cropmanagement practices that reduce greenhouse gas emission under intensive production, and to prevent from soil degradation and desertification in South-East regions and Central Coastal areas. Others deal with modeling climate change impacts on agricultural production through international cooperation projects, which will be well considered. Because climate change has recently received enormous attention in the media and in policy statements.

MARD actually sees plant breeding and animal breeding at the heart of improvement in agricultural production in Vietnam, the efficiency of adaptive measures can be greatly increased by other efforts, Including molecular marker techniques to speed up the breeding process, geographic analysis of vulnerable regions, site-specific adjustment in crop management as planting dates, water saving. Research Into disease and pest management is crucial for reducing poverty and providing food security in developing countries such as Vietnam. An Important subset of the research is concerned with containment of pests and diseases - otherwise known as bio-securlty.

IAS determines Its function under new situations as a multidisciplinary and specific research institution so that how to integrate between crop science and animal one Into special working groups. Teamwork models are recommended to crucially enhance the IAS's research activities, which meet the demand of agricultural production in South.

The IAS operates as part of MARD's national and International development cooperation programs, with a mission to achieve more productive and sustainable agricultural systems, for benefit of Vietnam. Any your kind cooperation would be appreciated.

Bui Chi Buu

Director General

[EBOOK] IAS RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS, DR. BUI CHI BUU ET AL., IAS (Institute of Agricultural Science for Southern Vietnam)

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[EBOOK] GREENHOUSE TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, K. Radha Manohar and C. Igathinathane, Published by BSP (BS Publications)

After the advent of green revolution, more emphasis is laid on the quality of the product along with the quantity of production to meet the ever-growing food requirements. Both these demands can be met when the environment for the plant growlh is suitably controlled. The need to protect the crops against unfavourable environmental conditions led to the development of protected agriculture. Greenhouse is the most practical method of achieving the objectives of protected agriculture, where the natural environment is modified by using sound engineering principles to achieve optimum plant growth and yields. In this chapter, the history, the phenomenon of greenhouse effect and advantages of greenhouses are discussed.

A greenhouse is a framed or an inflated structure covered with a transparent or translucent material in W'hich crops could be grown under the conditions of at least partially controlled environment and which is large enough to permit persons to work within it to carry out cultural operations.

The growing of off-season cucumbers under transparent stone for Emperor Tiberius, in the first century, is the earliest reported protected agriculture. The technology was rarefy employed during the next 1500 years. In the 16th century, glass lanterns* bell jars and hot beds covered with glass were used to protect horticultural crops against cold. In the 17th century, low portable wooden frames covered with an oiled translucent paper were used to warm the plant environment.

In Japan, straw mats were used in combination with oil paper to protect crops from the severe environmental conditions. Greenhouses in France and England during the same century wefe heated by manure and covered with glass panes. The first greenhouse in the 1700s used glass on one side only as a sloping roof. Later in the century, glass was used on both sides. Glasshouses were used for fruit crops such as melons, grapes, peaches and strawberries, and rarely for vegetable production. Protected agriculture was fully established with the introduction of polyethylene after the World War II. The first use of polyethylene as a greenhouse cover was in 1948, when Professor Emery Myers Emmert, at the University of Kentucky, USA, used the less expensive material in place of more expensive glass.

The total area of glasshouses in the world as per 1987 reports was estimated to be 30,000 ha and most of these were found in North-Western Europe. In contrast to glasshouses, plastic.... [download this ebook to read more]

[EBOOK] GREENHOUSE TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, K. Radha Manohar and C. Igathinathane, Published by BSP (BS Publications)

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[EBOOK] Essential Plant Pathology, Gail L. Schumann and Cleora J. D'Arcy, The American Phytopathological Society

Why Study Plant Pathology?

Plant pathology is the study of plant diseases. We could not survive on earth without plants, so their health is important to us. Photosynthesis is the source of the free oxygen necessary for aerobic respiration. Long ago, free oxygen became a component of the early atmosphere, leading to the creation of the ozone layer, which helps to protect us from ultraviolet radiation and makes life on land possible. Photosynthesis also is the source of fixed carbon, from which all organic molecules (including the components of our bodies!) are then produced. Directly or indirectly, plants provide all of the food on which the human population relies. In addition, plants provide feed for animals, shelter, fiber for clothing and paper, fuel, and ornamental flowers and landscape plants for our enjoyment.

Plant diseases reduce yields of food and cash crops, mar the beauty of ornamental plants, and reduce our ability to shelter and feed ourselves. In some cases, pathogens even produce toxic compounds that poison our food. It is impossible to separate plant diseases from the history and culture of humans. Plant diseases limit where crops can be grown and determine what foods are available to us. A single disease, late blight of potato, triggered the Irish potato famine of the 1840s and forever changed the history of Ireland and of North America, where many starving Irish peasants took refuge. Dutch elm disease has killed more than 5 million elm trees on the formerly tree-lined streets of cities in the United States and Europe. Citrus canker and soybean rust currently threaten multibillion dollar crops in the United States and around the world. Each year, local, state, and federal governments spend funds on quarantines and plant inspection services to control the movement of dangerous pathogens that threaten our food supply and the livelihoods of growers. The concern that bioterrorism may threaten genetically uniform crops, as well as farm animals and human populations, has made us more aware of the potential for damage by introduced pathogens. Billions of dollars are spent each year on the management of plant diseases, and yet it is estimated that plant diseases cause a 20% yield loss in food and cash crops. Of course, that does not mean that all yields are reduced by that amount. Some crops remain healthy, but others may be nearly destroyed, potentially causing starvation for large populations of people or loss of livelihood for farmers.

Aside from the practical aspects of keeping plants healthy, plant pathology is an amazing biological science that focuses on the interactions among host plants, pathogens, and the vectors that transmit the pathogens in various environments. Studies of the physiology and genetics of these interactions lead us to new discoveries in molecular biology and their applications in biotechnology. Knowledge of the ecological interactions of hosts and pathogens will help us understand our natural ecosystems, global climate change, and maintenance of biological diversity on our planet. All aspects of biology are encompassed in the study of plant pathology. This textbook and its accompanying online resources are designed to introduce students to the fascinating study of plant diseases.

[EBOOK] Essential Plant Pathology, Gail L. Schumann and Cleora J. D'Arcy, The American Phytopathological Society

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[EBOOK] ENZYME INACTIVATION IN FOOD PROCESSING (Technologies, Materials, and Applications), Edited by Megh R. Goyal, PhD., Junaid Ahmad Malik, PhD., and Ravi Pandiselvam, PhD., CRC

Everything we do in the field of food science and technology revolves around food preservation. There are several advanced technologies for food characteristics, and redesigning is yet another possible method for preserving and processing food. Food enzymes, which are proteinaceous compounds, are extremely essential. The preservation of food is done by activating or deactivating the enzymes. This action can be done by thermal treatment, cooking, drying, cooling, and freezing. Several better inactivation technologies have shown potential applications have also been investigated by scientists and researchers

This book is a collection of novel emerging technologies dealing with inactivation of enzymes for the design of food and preservation through advanced technologies. This book serves as an excellent resource on the inactivation of food enzymes through basic concepts and chemical methods. It presents novel processing technologies for inactivation of food enzymes. It looks at the inactivation of food enzymes through ozone technology, pulsed electric fields, microwave processing and ohmic heating technology, dense-phase carbon dioxide and high-pressure processing, radiofrequency technology, ultraviolet and light emitted diode technologies, cold plasma technology, and ultrasonication of foods and food products. It discusses the extraction of phytonutrients and biocompounds from cereals and considers the inactivation of enzymes in the design of nutraceutical-based functional foods, in the design of specific foods for gut-microbiodata, in conjunction with omega-3 fatty acids, and for the fortification in food products. The volume also investigates the characteristics of dairy-based dry powders and millet starches. The book also explores the role of the bioactive compounds and metal ions, catalases secreted by medicinal plants and mushrooms for enzyme inactivation and biosensing. The role of bionanomaterials in nanoencapsulation and catalysis is also discussed.

This book, Enzyme Inactivation in Food Processing: Technologies, Materials, and Applications, will serve many professionals working in the area of food science, technology and engineering around the world. The book will also serve as a reference book for researchers, students, scholars, industries, universities, and research centers.

This book has taken its present shape due to the excellent contribution by all contributing authors who have been this soul of this compendium. We have mentioned their names in each chapter and also in the list of contributors. We are indeed indebted to them for their knowledge, dedication, and enthusiasm. We expect this book to prove a helpful resource for all the food processing and engineering academicians, food processors, and students.

We also extend our sincere thanks to the editorial office of Apple Academic Press, Inc. We hereby appeal to our readers for their productive suggestions that may form the basis for improving future editions.

We take this opportunity to thank: (1) our families for their motivation, moral support, and blessings in counteracting every obstacle coming our way, (2) our spouses for their understanding, patience, and encouragement throughout this project, (3) the contributors for contributing their research in the form of chapters.

[EBOOK] ENZYME INACTIVATION IN FOOD PROCESSING (Technologies, Materials, and Applications), Edited by Megh R. Goyal, PhD., Junaid Ahmad Malik, PhD., and Ravi Pandiselvam, PhD., CRC

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[EBOOK] VEGETABLE DISSEASES (A colour Handbook), Steven T. Koike et al., Published by MANSON

If there IS BLIGHT OR MILDEW on one’s crops, what is one to do? The topic of diseases that damage and kill plants is hardly a new subject. For as long as humans have foraged for, grown, traded, or eaten edible plants, disease-causing organisms have been present and exacted their toll on quality, yields, and consumer satisfaction of these commodities. Impacts of plant diseases on the lives of people range from the nuisance of losing a few plants in one’s garden, to significant economic losses to a farmer, and finally to widespread famine due to extensive crop losses in a region. Throughout human history, devastating crop losses have sometimes resulted in subsequent loss of human life and disruptive migrations of the inhabitants. Humanity’s dependence on healthy crops and reliable sources of food, therefore, transcends all barriers of culture, nation, and time. We all need to eat and to feed our children.

Vegetables are an essential anc increasingly popular component of human diets today. Collectively, vegetable crops are a major part of agricultural commerce. The vegetable industry produces large volumes of high quality commodities that arc intensely marketed and can be delivered locally and regionally or shipped internationally. Consumer standards and market requirements mandate excellent quality produce. The diseases that affect vegetables compromise such quality and therefore are of great importance to grower, shipper, marketer, and consumer. Vegetable production and marketing in the 21st Century has been fashioned by technology and developments that are unique to our times, including molecular biology', globalization of international trade, awareness of the benefits and dangers of synthetic pesticides, and insights into specific health benefits of vegetable foods.

This book is written to address the broad topic of diseases that affect vegetables. Part 1 offers a brief introduction to vegetable crops, descriptions of the disease-causing agents, suggested strategies for identifying and diagnosing vegetable diseases, and general principles in controlling them. In this book we describe diseases that are primarily caused by pathogens (biotic diseases). Problems caused by nutritional and physiological disorders and environmental and cultural factors (abiotic problems) are mostly not covered.

The rest of the book (Part 2) is divided into chapters on the principal crop groups (and further subdivided if different plants within the group suffer from distinct sets of diseases) and describes the major diseases that affect those vegetables. The diseases are, for the most part, organized first by pathogen type and then by pathogen name. (We should point out that each crop chapter does not include all possible diseases and rhat the disease list is therefore not exhaustive.) of special note are chapters devoted to spinach - an increasingly popular vegetable - and to specialty crops and herbs. Each disease entry includes a brief introduction to the disease, detailed description of symptoms, information on the pathogen and disease development, and suggestions on how to manage the problem. For pathogens that affect several crops, full derails are presented in only one chapter in order to reduce unnecessary repetition; for other crops that are subject to the same disease, reference will be made to the more complete chapter. Selected references are included that will allow interested readers to further research the subject.

Our collective experience in applied research, extension education, and working closely with farmers and industry members has shaped our approach. Our aim is to increase recognition and diagnosis of vegetable diseases and to provide information on biology and control of the problems. A particular feature of this book are the many high-quality color photographs that illustrate most of these vegetable diseases and which will assist the reader in identifying and understanding thcm.The glossary at the end lists much of the terminology used in plant pathology and related fields.

In an effort to keep this book timely and reduce the amount of information that rapidly becomes outdated, we have not included specific information on vegetable crop cultivars, pesticide product recommendations, and seed treatments. Such information can change from year to year and also varies greatly between regions, countries, and continents. Seed treatments, in particular, can be implemented in manv ways depending upon the practitioner, the nature and location of the seed treatment facility, and so on. For up-to-date and area-appropriate recommendations on vegetable cultivars and disease control chemicals and treatments, consult local extension agents, agricultural consultants, or other professionals who arc familiar with the location.

We have written this book with a very broad and diverse audience in mind. We hope this effort will help and be of interest to the following persons: research and extension plant pathologists; diagnosticians and plant lab personnel; teachers of agriculture and related subjects; university students in agriculture and related fields; commercial farmers, vegetable producers, and farm managers; agriculturalists in the fields of seed production, vegetable breeding, agrichemicals, pest control, marketing, and other subjects; government and regulator)' persons dealing with agriculture; home gardeners and hobbyists.

[EBOOK] VEGETABLE DISSEASES (A colour Handbook), Steven T. Koike et al., Published by MANSON

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[EBOOK] SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (Second Edition), JOHN MASON LAND, PUBLISHED BY LAND LINK

First there was subsistence farming. Then there was a technological revolution: developments in machinery and chemicals allowed us to clear and cultivate land faster, feed plants and animals quicker (and grow them faster); and kill pests or diseases quickly. These newfound abilities seemed like a godsend to mankind; and throughout the 20th century we used them to their fullest, generally with little regard to any unforsccn repercussions.

Gradually, time has revealed a variety of problems caused by this modern agricultural development, including chemical residues affecting plant and animal life on land and in the sea, soil degradation in the form of soil structural decline, erosion, salinity, soil acidification, loss of fertility, nutrient loading of waterways, dams and lakes and more.

As we move into the 21st century and concern about our environment grows, there is an obvious move towards more sustainable farming.

Sustainable farming is, in essence, concerned with anything that affects the sustainability of a farm. You cannot keep farming a property indefinitely if there is a degradation of resources (environmental resources, financial resources, equipment, machinery, materials, or any other resources). In the short to medium term, the problem of sustainability is overwhelmingly a financial one; but in the long term, environmental sustainability will possibly have a greater impact on the whole industry than anything else.

Why be sustainable?

If we can’t sustain agricultural production, we will eventually see a decline in production; hence a decline in food and other supplies. There is no escaping the fact that people need agricultural products to survive: for food, clothing, etc. Science may be able to introduce substitutes (eg synthetic fibres) but even the raw materials to make these will generally be limited. As the world’s population increases (or at best remains stable in some places) demand for agricultural produce increases accordingly. Poorly maintained farms produce less in terms of quantity and quality. Profitability decreases mean that surplus money is no 2

Sustainable Agriculture longer available for repair and improvements. Farm land can become contaminated with chemical residues, weeds or vermin. The amount of vegetation produced (ic the biomass) may reduce, resulting in less production of carbon dioxide, and a greater susceptibility to environmental degradation.

We have created a world that relies heavily on technology to produce the food needed to sustain its human population. There is a worldwide dilemma. To abandon modern farming methods could result in worldwide famine but to continue current practices will almost certainly result in long-term degradation of farmland and, eventually, the inability to sustain even current human population levels, without even considering future increases in the human population.
Who should be concerned?

Everyone needs to be concerned about a decline in farm production potential. The farmer, his family, and workers are always affected first. An unsustainable farm is simply not worth persisting with and any farm which heads this way must eventually be abandoned or redeveloped to become sustainable. This book is about foreseeing and understanding such problems, and addressing them before it is too late.

[EBOOK] SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (Second Edition), JOHN MASON LAND, PUBLISHED BY LAND LINK

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[EBOOK] Agro-Processing and Food Engineering (Operational and Application Aspects), Harish Kumar Sharma and Navneet Kumar, Springer

Agricultural production is on a rising trend across the globe, which is putting pressure on agro-processing industries to timely handle the produce and keep it safe for a longer duration. The agro-processing industries deal with various unit operations from receiving harvested crop to the finished product. The textbook entitled Agro-Processing and Food Engineering: Operational and Application Aspects has been conceptualized with a view to cover the most relevant topics in the area for graduating students. In the book, simple illustrations are used in every chapter for easier understanding of the involved fundamentals, concepts, and processes. A number of solved examples are also included in different chapters to provide emphasis on problem solving. Efforts are made to simplify technological aspects, mathematical derivations, etc. to the maximum extent so that young minds could easily understand. Similar approaches are adopted in solved examples, so that concepts can be better understood by students/academicians. Several unsolved questions are also provided at the end of every chapter to review the progress made by students/readers.

The text in the book starts from presenting a comprehensive production status of different popular agricultural commodities. Further, the engineering properties of food materials are presented. The knowledge of the properties remains essential in clearing the understanding with respect to design, operation, and control of various processing equipment and quality of finished products. Material handling systems are used in agro-processing industry to increase the level of mechanization, which improves the consistency and quality of the produce, and therefore the knowledge with respect to designing of efficient material handling system becomes very important to students. The moisture content of the agro-produce, which can be optimally retained through drying/dehydration in cereals, pulses, and oilseeds, assures safer storage for longer duration. The desired size of agro-produce can be achieved by different milling equipment to obtain the material in the form of flour, powder, etc.

The effective mixing is an important unit operation to cater to the need of nutritious substitutes of existing food items and to create uniformity and homogeneity during the operation. The cleaning of grains is performed before other unit operations, and grading of the finished product can be achieved using different graders/separators to control the quality. The storage life of the foods can be enhanced by using various traditional and modern storage structures. The processing can add value; therefore, processing of cereals, fruits and vegetables, oilseeds, and pulses is covered and presented in such a way that the concepts and technological aspects are easier to understand and beneficial to students and the scientific fraternity. The technical manpower involved in various capacities in agro-industries can also get first-hand knowledge through the technological concepts and mechanisms covered in the book.

All the chapters have been written by Teachers/Researchers, working in the field; therefore, the concepts are made simpler and easier to understand. Efforts are made to simplify every aspect; therefore, this handbook is expected to be unique for students. However, feedback in any form from any corner shall be encouraged to further strengthen the quality of the book in the time to come. Since the idea for conceptualization of the book emerged out of the need of students on the various topics covered in this book therefore it is anticipated that this book will cater to the need of students, technicians, academicians, and researchers working in the area of Agro-processing, Food Engineering, Agricultural Process Engineering, Food Technology, and allied fields.

[EBOOK] Agro-Processing and Food Engineering (Operational and Application Aspects), Harish Kumar Sharma and Navneet Kumar, Springer

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[EBOOK] Insect Pests Of Rice, M. D. Pathak and Z. R. Khan, IRRI

The world rice crop is attacked by more than 100 species of insects; 20 of them can cause economic damage. Insect pests that can cause significant yield losses are stem borers; leafhoppers and planthoppers (which cause direct damage by feeding as well as by transmitting viruses); gall midges, a group of defoliating species (main1y lepidopterans); and a grain-sucking bug complex that feeds on developing grains.

Average yield loss due to various insect pests in Asia-wheremore than 90% of the world's rice is produced—is about 20%. Any decrease in pest damage means a corresponding increase in needed rice production.

Reduction in insect pest damage should come from incorporating genetic resistance into new genotypes and from the development of suitable cultural and biological control methods. The first edition of this book, published in 1967, contained basic information on the biology and factors of abundance of common insect pests of rice. Since then, due to the introduction of high-yielding modern varieties, distinct changes have occurred in the insect pest complex of rice. Several species, once considered minor pests, have become major pests. Also, much information on various aspects of control, including integrated pest management, has become available.

This new edition includes updated information on biology, damage, seasonal history and factors of abundance, and control measures of the major insect pests of rice. IRRI hopes this expanded content will prove useful to researchers, extension workers, and students everywhere.

Many people were involved in the production of this book. N.J. Fernandez, A.D. Tan, and F.F.D. Villanueva helped compile the text, references, and tables; A.T. Barrion validates scientific names of insect pests; E. Panisales provided artwork; and M.L.P. Abenes provided photographic services. The volume was edited by W.H. Smith and G.S. Argosino.

[EBOOK] Insect Pests Of Rice, M. D. Pathak and Z. R. Khan, IRRI

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[EBOOK] Management of Phytophthora diseases of durian

Durian is the favourite fruit in many Southeast Asian countries. It is a prized tree in many mixed gardens and a valuable orchard crop that commands extraordinarily high prices at local and export markets. The value of the worldwide trade in durian is estimated at A$ 3 billion annually. This project will develop strategies to control fruit rot, root rot, patch canker and dieback of durian (Durio zibethinus M.), caused by strains of Phytophthora usually identified as P. palmivora Butl. These diseases cause annual yield losses estimated at 15-30%, and their impact is compounded by locally severe incidences of tree deaths, and storage and transit rots that can destroy entire consignments.

The genus Phytophthora includes pathogens that cause root, stem, foliage, flower and fruit diseases of plants, although the pathogen is generally considered soil-borne. Disease is usually initiated when dormant propagules germinate and release infective zoospores following wetting or temporary flooding. Phytophthora is a poor saprophytic competitor, and the survival of the pathogen in the soil is vulnerable to orchard management practices that stimulate the activity of soil antagonists and reduce the likelihood of ponding. Composts and manures that stimulate the activity of actinomycetes, endospore-forming bacteria and certain fungi are used to reduce the incidence and severity of Phytophthora diseases in crops such as avocado (Stirling, Hayward & Pegg, 1992) and thryptomene (Aryantha, 1997; Aryantha & Guest, 1997). Composts and manures also improve soil drainage, soil fertility and plant growth.

Durian is a tall tree that is amenable to mixed farming systems in the tropics. However, the broad host range of P. palmivora creates a risk of cross-infection between intercrops. The variability of Phytophthora also presents a challenge to plant breeders attempting to incorporate disease resistance into breeding lines, and presents a challenge to quarantine barriers. Consequently, it is imperative to document and understand the host range, geographical distribution and virulence of pathogen isolates from different durian-growing areas.

Australian researchers are world leaders in developing integrated disease management (IDM) strategies, including the use of potassium phosphonate, to control plant diseases. Phosphonates have a remarkably low toxicity to mammals, and are selective for pathogenic Oomycetes such as Phytophthora (Guest et al., 1995). When directly injected into the trunk, phosphonates are extremely effective against Phytophthora diseases of cocoa and avocado (Guest et al. 1994 & 1995). The precise timing and rates of trunk injection are known to be important in determining the translocation and partitioning of phosphonate within the tree, and thus the level of disease control achieved. Thus, the mixed results from preliminary trials with durian suggest that further work on the timing of phosphonate injection in relation to tree phenology is required.

The primary objective of this project is to improve orchard establishment and sustainability, and the consistency of quality fruit supplies to the expanding Asian and Australian durian markets, by developing an integrated management program for orchard and postharvest disease. We will also examine the interaction between losses due to Phytophthora and other major post-harvest pathogens, and will develop strategies to improve fruit quality and prolong fruit life. Key elements of the project will be the development of orchard management practices that are appropriate for small-scale mixed farming systems as well as large orchards, including biological control and the targeted use of trunk-injected fungicides. These control strategies will be based on a thorough understanding of the biological and environmental factors conducive to disease, and will investigate techniques successfully used against Phytophthora diseases of avocado and cocoa. The expected outcome of this project, and the implementation of its recommendations, will be to reduce tree deaths, increase fruit yields and decrease post-harvest fruit losses. Diseases caused by related Phytophthora species also cause significant losses to Australian horticulture, and to the Australian environment. This proposal will address questions that are common to the management of disease in horticultural and natural plant communities.

This proposal builds on work on the control of Phytophthora fruit rot of durian in Thailand using Aliette (Pongpisutta & Sangchote, 1994), research on integrated management of Phytophthora on cocoa in Papua New Guinea (Guest et al. 1994), and biological control of Phytophthora cinnamomi in horticulture (Aryantha & Guest, 1997). A collaboration has already been established between the University of Melbourne, the Northern Territory Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, the Queensland Department of Primary Industries and pioneering durian growers in Australia, Kasetsart University in Thailand, and the Southern Fruit Research Institute in Vietnam. These collaborators offer the necessary expertise and facilities to successfully undertake the project outlined. The project will combine Australian expertise in:

• phosphonate mode of action and injection technology

• biological control of Phytophthora using composted manures and mulches

• the variability and ecology of Phytophthora, and

• durian cultivation, durian diseases and disorders

with Thai expertise in:

• durian cultivation and disease biology

and Vietnamese expertise in:

• durian orchard establishment

[EBOOK] Management of Phytophthora diseases of durian

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[EBOOK] MANUAL PLANT DISEASES, BY FREDERICK DEFOREST HEALD, M.S., Ph.D., McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, Inc.

Fifteen years ago the plant pathologists of America welcomed the appearance of “Fungous Diseases of Plants,” by B. M. Duggar, as the first general text or reference book of American origin to occupy the field. Although a number of books have since been written covering special phases of plant pathology, no general manual has appeared to serve as a guide in classes in general plant pathology, which has now become an accepted part of the agricultural curriculum. The pressing need for a modernized book for use in the author's classes was the motive that prompted the preparation of this book. The plan of presentation of the subject is essentially that which has been followed in the author's classes for the last 10 years.

An attempt has been made to present a view of the whole field of plant pathology, including environmental and virus diseases as well as those of bacterial and fungous origin, as it is felt that a book of restricted scope would perpetuate an erroneous notion which has been prevalent in recent years as to the real province of plant pathology. It has also seemed advisable to avoid the dictionary type of presentation, and to give instead a detailed consideration of a much smaller number of diseases, with the hope that this method of approach will impress the student with the importance of the subject and stimulate detailed rather than superficial study. Additional types with a few guiding references are given with the expectation that the student may be led to develop these according to the general plan.

No attempt has been made to present an organized treatment of culture methods and general plant pathological technique, or of the principles and practice of disease control, since, with the rapid strides made in recent years, it is the practice to present these phases of the subject in separate courses. Special manuals covering these subjects would be welcomed by all teachers. In the treatment of the parasitic ' diseases it has seemed desirable to follow the taxonomic sequence, rather than host groups, since it is not generally possible to require systematic mycology as a prerequisite to the elementary course in plant pathology. It has been the aim to introduce enough systematic mycol-f) ogy to provide for this lack of mycological preparation. The order of presentation may not suit all teachers. In actual practice, it may be varied if desired by passing to Sec. IV, Parasitic Diseases, immediately following the two introductory chapters and then returning to a con; sideration of the non-parasitic and virus diseases, A number of principles have guided the selection of the diseases given detailed treatment. Consideration has been given to types of disease, economic importance, causal factors or pathogenes and control methods. Limitation of space is the only excuse for the omission of certain important diseases which would otherwise have been introduced. It is felt that the historical introductions are well worth attention, as they will serve to impress the student with the fact that our present knowledge rests upon a long series of painstaking researches, but that in most cases the field is still open for new discoveries.

The author is indebted to a large number of pathologists for illustrations, which are credited in the legends, and to other pathologists for suggestions during the progress of the work. Special acknowledgment is here made to the late Dr. c. V. Piper for suggestions and criticisms covering the entire manuscript, and to the following for a critical reading of portions of the manuscript: Dr. L. IL Jones, Dr. I. E. Melhus, Dr. c. T. Gregory, Dr. F. A. Weiss, Dr. Fred R. Jones, Prof. J. B. s. Norton, Dr. G. w. Keitt, Prof. H. p. Barss, Dr. L. K. Jones, Mr. D. F. Fisher, Dr. A. J. Mix, Prof. F. c. Reimer, Dr. A. J. Riker, Dr. w. H. Martin, Dr. c. w. Hungerford, Dr. Wanda Weniger, Dr. N. J. Giddings, Dr. L. w. Durrell, Dr. M. F. Barrus, Dr. L. R. Hesler, Prof. R. E. Smith, Prof. L. E. Melchers, Dr. J. J. Taubenhaus, Dr. Haven Metcalf, Mr. G. F. Garvatt, Mr. R. p. Marshall, Dr. E. c. Stakman, Dr. V. F. Tapke, Dr. N. A. Cobb, Dr. Win. Trelease, Dr. G. L. Peltier, Dr. H. T. Giissow, Prof. w. T. Horne, Dr. Chas. Brooks and Prof. F. c. Stewart. In general, the plan was followed of submitting portions of the manuscript for critical reading to those workers who had previously made a special study of the subjects covered. The author has incorporated many valuable suggestions received from these sources, and here wishes to express his appreciation for the assistance rendered. For the final form of the manuscript, the author alone is responsible.

The author is also indebted to his co-workers, Prof. B. F. Dana, Mr. E. E. Honey and Mr. G. L. Zundel, for suggestions and aid during the progress of the work.

[EBOOK] MANUAL PLANT DISEASES, BY FREDERICK DEFOREST HEALD, M.S., Ph.D., McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, Inc.

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[EBOOK] AGRONOMIC RICE PRACTICES AND POSTHARVEST PROCESSING (Production and Quality Improvement), Edited by Deepak Kumar Verma, Prem Prakash Srivastav, Altafhusain B. Nadaf, APPLE ACADEMIC PRESS

Rice is the staple food of around three billion people, most of them in Asia, which accounts for 90% of global rice consumption. Rice constitutes a major source of nutrition and contributes a significant share of dietary energy in a number of Asian countries. Among 23 species of the genus Oryza, Oryza saliva L. is cultivated in Asia and O. glaberrima Steud. in West Africa. O. saliva L. is further differentiated into indica and japonica. Rice has immense diversity, and it is estimated that more than 100,000 varieties of rice exist in the world. India has an ancient heritage of rice cultivation and has over 70,000 cultivars of rice germplasm.

Agronomic practices encompass many areas of conservation—from practicing reduced-tillage methods, which lessen the need to till the soil before each crop, to managing planting populations, which ensures crops are not over- or undercrowded, and therefore are in optimal growing conditions. These small changes in farmers' routines can yield major dividends at harvest. The agronomic practices majorly include using appropriate seeding rates and fertilizer, keeping narrow rows, using hybrid maturities, and applying starter fertilizer doses.

After using effective agronomic practices, proper postharvest processing and handling is an important part of modern agricultural production. Postharvest processes include the integrated functions of harvesting, cleaning, grading, cooling, storing, packing, and transport. Postharvest technologies occur between the producer and the consumer—processes protect produce to preserve quality, reduce damage, travel distances, grade and categorize, document sources, and label. Postharvest handling involves the practical application of engineering principles and knowledge of fruit and vegetable physiology to solve problems. Therefore, it needs a closer coordination between all segments of the industry from the grower to the consumer, with great emphasis on proper postharvest handling, a multidisciplinary and systems approach to problem-solving, a greater use of computer control and communications technology, and a greatly renewed emphasis on mechanization.

The increased grain yield and improved rice quality are absolutely necessary to feed the world's galloping population and to maintain its health and nutrition. Thus, the recent approach for rice production includes the improvement of both yield and grain quality to cater for consumer demand and also to increase the nutritional level of the general public.

Presently, the India is producing more surplus than is needed nationally. Improvement in quality provides assurance that the surplus will find a rewarding market. The genetic makeup of grain is the major factor influencing the quality of rice. Modern programers continually strive to refine and improve the genetic characteristics that influence quality in the most desirable product. Another factor is the environment under which the plant is grown, such as the light rainfall and temperature. Similarly, soil and the management practices affect the grain quality. Careful harvesting and postharvest handling may maintain or even improve the rice quality. Quality characteristics in rice may be categorized into three broad areas. (1) Physical characteristics include moisture content, shape, size, whiteness, translucency, chalkiness, head rice, broken rice, brewers, green kernels, and yellow kernels. (2) The analysis of physicochemical characteristics of rice include amylose content, protein content, gel consistency, volume of expansion of cooked rice, water absorption, and cooking time. (3) The organoleptic properties of cooked rice include color, aroma, hardness, stickiness, and consistency.

This book, Agronomic Rice Practices and Postharvest Processing: Production and Quality Improvement, addresses these three important aspects of rice. For convenience of the readers, the book has been divided into four parts. Part 1 takes into account Recent Trends and Advances for Higher Production and Quality Improvement and consists of four chapters covering climate-resilient agriculture practices in rice through an Indian perspective; climatic effects, relative performance, and constraints in direct-seeded versus transplanted rice of Asia; constraints in temperate rice culture and interventions to mitigate the challenges; and recent advances and trends in system of rice intensification. Part 2 covers Nutrient Management for Rice Production and Quality Improvement, which consists of three chapters. Effect of zinc on growth, yield, and quality attributes of rice for improved rice production; integrated nutrient management in transplanted rice by pelleting technique; and effect of different organic sources of nutrition on growth, yield, and quality of rice are discussed in detail. Part 3 addresses Weed Management for Improved Rice Production through a chapter describing precautions and future implications in weed management and integrated weed management in zero-till direct-seeded rice. Part 4 deals with Postharvest Processing for Rice Quality Improvement. It includes two chapters discussing, effect of parboiling on different physicochemical and cooking properties of rice and nutritional quality evolution in rice.

The book has taken the present shape due to the contributions of renowned scientists, researchers, and professors through their tireless research. We are sure that this book will be a useful guide for the rice researchers working in the area of agronomic practices, postharvest processing, and quality improvement in rice.

Deepak Kumar Verma

Prem Prakash Srivastav

Altafhusain B. Nadaf

Editors

[EBOOK] AGRONOMIC RICE PRACTICES AND POSTHARVEST PROCESSING (Production and Quality Improvement), Edited by Deepak Kumar Verma, Prem Prakash Srivastav, Altafhusain B. Nadaf, APPLE ACADEMIC PRESS

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Keyword: ebook, giáo trình, AGRONOMIC RICE PRACTICES, POSTHARVEST PROCESSING, cây lúa, lúa gạo, thực hành nông nghiệp trồng lúa, chế biến sau thu hoạch lúa gạo