This issue of the UA Magazine is a joint effort of the RUAF Foundation and the Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience (CAWR). It aims to articulate and document the emerging field of uTban agroecology. The Magazine win be launched at the occasion of the 8th AESOP conference on Sustainable Food Planning, titled “Re-imagining sustainable food planning, building resourcefulness:food movements, insurgent planning and heterodox economics” (14-15 November 2017),hosted at CAWR in Coventry, UK.
The UA Magazine tries to provide insight into the questions: “What is 'urban agroecology' exactly? Is it a type of ecological or organic agriculture in the city or if not. what else OT what more?’. As we will see from the contributions In this Magazine, definitions differ and tend to reflect the various ways the term agroecology is understood in different countries, by different organisations, or according to different political economic preferences. Often agroecology is perceived as moTe than a production technique or system it is a movement a science, a political vision and a practice
which alongside agricultural knowledge, endorses specific values and ethics, such as social relations of mutuality and respect, a commitment to bring forward more equitable change and land stewardship.
Under this perspectrveurban agroecology’. Is a practice wh tch - while It could be similar to many ‘urban agricultural’ initiatives born out of the desire to re-build community ties and sustainable food systems, has gone a step further: rt has dearly positioned itself in ecological,social and political terms.
In ecological terms. It Is based on respecting all forms of life. It steers away from purely human-centred approaches, and is committed to protect the land from degradation, pollution and enclosure. In social terms, it stTives for (and thrives upon) mutual support.leaming and respect of cultural differences. In political terms. It Is em bedded in a network of movements for food sovereignty and Justice, and equitable access to resources and benefits and in economic terms It ranges from social enterprises to commons. It also develops its own strategising, re-skilling and strengthening tools (see the emerging literature on urban political agroecology). In geographical teTms. urban agroecology reflects more specifically on how the urban condition constrains (and the drivers of urbanisation), shapes and attributes particular meanings to the urban cultivation of food, and it brings forward just and fair models of urbanisation.
However, urban agroecology is still an emerging concept and itsecological.social.political.economic and geographical meanings are far from having a shared understanding and narrative.
This thematic issue of the UA Magazine seeks to offer an opportunity to share ideas among a diverse community of practitioners, scholars and activists, on what urban agroccology means to them, what affinity they see with related concepts (such as with the organic movement or urban agriculture, etc.) and how we can together advance in further development of the concept.
As usual, the Magazine shares a diversity of perspectives from an extraordinarily wide number of geographical contexts, and we are aware that some of them pull in different or opposite directions. Narratives of reforming versus re-founding the food system, independent versus institutionally framed experience* quantifying versus qualifying the benefits of UTban agroecology, and city-based versus urbanism-oriented changes arc some of the areas where we see diverging or contentious views. A deeper engagement with the meaning of the ‘urban', too often Interpreted as opposed to the countryside - in a world where both cities and Tural places are shaped by the resource extraction and food demands of planetary urbanisation - Is also still to be fulfilled. Yet we believe that from the diverse materials in this Issue of the UA Magazine we have made a start on pinning down the emerging field of urban agToecology, and reflecting on Its challenges.
The Magazine is organised in four blocks. In the first section, we explore alternative ways of conceptualising urban agroecology, especially In relation to urban agriculture. Are they different? Why are they different and how do these differences count and impact on our work and moTe generally? Here, we also discuss whether it is enough to consider uTban agriculture and urban agroecology as forms of food growing that have moved from the countryside to the city. Does the ‘urban’ - the location in the city * make any difference? Does it change the social meaning, potential impact and day-to-day practices of agriculture and agToecology practitioners, and if so, how to take them into account to build a more sustainable world? On this matter C.M. Deh-Tor (p. 8) suggest that collectively we could consider, build and empower a ’resourceful reproductive and agroecological urbanism’.
The second group of articles explore practices and city initiatives related to urban agroecology. These articles contribute to the documentation and analysis of local experiences and initiatives with urban agroecology in different locations worldwide. They illustrate the specificity of applying agroecological approaches in (peri-) urban contexts, and begin to flesh out its potentials, bottlenecks an d success factors.They also Include intra-urban agriculture and peri-urban forms of agroecologlcal production and the strengthening of rural-urban linkages and biodiversity In
urban areas. Articles touch on issues as diverse as the design of biodtverse and productive urban farms in North America; agroecologtcal production as a peri-urban land use management strategy in India; agroecology as a driver for the development of a new sustainable urban settlement in Taiwan; new forms of urban permaculture In Seville; and food forests in the Netherlands.
The third group of articles focus on urban policies supporting agroecology. Here we focus on government-led initiatives and the role of urban policies supporting agroecotogy, and the ways and legal tools through which such policies ban or constrain the use of chemicals and encourage natural agriculture. Cuba has been a global leader in the policy, science andpracticeof agroecology in general andof urban agriculture based on agroecological principles in particular. But also In Quito and Rosario, production practices stimulated by the municipality are based on agroecology principles which lead to greater autonomy by reducing dependence on energy, knowledge. Inputs and intermediaries Agroecology provides a broad approach to sustainable urban food policies.going far beyond organic farming towards a perspective of food justice and ecosystem services provided by food systems. There are a growing number of city networks that recognise this and are oriented towards sustainable food systems.
The final section concludes with contributions focussed on cỉtữen and social movement-led Initiatives. The movements for agroecology are diverse - occurring In different places, amongst diverse peoples, different knowledge sets and worldviews and at different scales. Yet, what holds these in common are their commitment to social transformation. For example, the Movimento Urbano de Agroecologia. MUDA-SP (Urban Movement of Agroecology), is a collective of significant political presence in matters relating to urban agriculture and agroecology in São Paulo Madrid Agrocomposta is creating new partnerships between food producers and consumers, rural and urban dwellers, and policy makers in and around Madrid based on the principles of agroecology and circular economy.
In addition, CAWR shares its tools to explore, research, and learn about urban agroecology in the context of broader food and ecological challenges and the specific challenges posed by the urban setting.
We hope this issue of the UA Magazine will contribute to scaling up and scaling out of urban agroecology in cities and city regions by providing inspiring practices, guidance, and understanding of Its specific needs and tools for networking and political action.
The UA Magazine tries to provide insight into the questions: “What is 'urban agroecology' exactly? Is it a type of ecological or organic agriculture in the city or if not. what else OT what more?’. As we will see from the contributions In this Magazine, definitions differ and tend to reflect the various ways the term agroecology is understood in different countries, by different organisations, or according to different political economic preferences. Often agroecology is perceived as moTe than a production technique or system it is a movement a science, a political vision and a practice
which alongside agricultural knowledge, endorses specific values and ethics, such as social relations of mutuality and respect, a commitment to bring forward more equitable change and land stewardship.
Under this perspectrveurban agroecology’. Is a practice wh tch - while It could be similar to many ‘urban agricultural’ initiatives born out of the desire to re-build community ties and sustainable food systems, has gone a step further: rt has dearly positioned itself in ecological,social and political terms.
In ecological terms. It Is based on respecting all forms of life. It steers away from purely human-centred approaches, and is committed to protect the land from degradation, pollution and enclosure. In social terms, it stTives for (and thrives upon) mutual support.leaming and respect of cultural differences. In political terms. It Is em bedded in a network of movements for food sovereignty and Justice, and equitable access to resources and benefits and in economic terms It ranges from social enterprises to commons. It also develops its own strategising, re-skilling and strengthening tools (see the emerging literature on urban political agroecology). In geographical teTms. urban agroecology reflects more specifically on how the urban condition constrains (and the drivers of urbanisation), shapes and attributes particular meanings to the urban cultivation of food, and it brings forward just and fair models of urbanisation.
However, urban agroecology is still an emerging concept and itsecological.social.political.economic and geographical meanings are far from having a shared understanding and narrative.
This thematic issue of the UA Magazine seeks to offer an opportunity to share ideas among a diverse community of practitioners, scholars and activists, on what urban agroccology means to them, what affinity they see with related concepts (such as with the organic movement or urban agriculture, etc.) and how we can together advance in further development of the concept.
As usual, the Magazine shares a diversity of perspectives from an extraordinarily wide number of geographical contexts, and we are aware that some of them pull in different or opposite directions. Narratives of reforming versus re-founding the food system, independent versus institutionally framed experience* quantifying versus qualifying the benefits of UTban agroecology, and city-based versus urbanism-oriented changes arc some of the areas where we see diverging or contentious views. A deeper engagement with the meaning of the ‘urban', too often Interpreted as opposed to the countryside - in a world where both cities and Tural places are shaped by the resource extraction and food demands of planetary urbanisation - Is also still to be fulfilled. Yet we believe that from the diverse materials in this Issue of the UA Magazine we have made a start on pinning down the emerging field of urban agToecology, and reflecting on Its challenges.
The Magazine is organised in four blocks. In the first section, we explore alternative ways of conceptualising urban agroecology, especially In relation to urban agriculture. Are they different? Why are they different and how do these differences count and impact on our work and moTe generally? Here, we also discuss whether it is enough to consider uTban agriculture and urban agroecology as forms of food growing that have moved from the countryside to the city. Does the ‘urban’ - the location in the city * make any difference? Does it change the social meaning, potential impact and day-to-day practices of agriculture and agToecology practitioners, and if so, how to take them into account to build a more sustainable world? On this matter C.M. Deh-Tor (p. 8) suggest that collectively we could consider, build and empower a ’resourceful reproductive and agroecological urbanism’.
The second group of articles explore practices and city initiatives related to urban agroecology. These articles contribute to the documentation and analysis of local experiences and initiatives with urban agroecology in different locations worldwide. They illustrate the specificity of applying agroecological approaches in (peri-) urban contexts, and begin to flesh out its potentials, bottlenecks an d success factors.They also Include intra-urban agriculture and peri-urban forms of agroecologlcal production and the strengthening of rural-urban linkages and biodiversity In
urban areas. Articles touch on issues as diverse as the design of biodtverse and productive urban farms in North America; agroecologtcal production as a peri-urban land use management strategy in India; agroecology as a driver for the development of a new sustainable urban settlement in Taiwan; new forms of urban permaculture In Seville; and food forests in the Netherlands.
The third group of articles focus on urban policies supporting agroecology. Here we focus on government-led initiatives and the role of urban policies supporting agroecotogy, and the ways and legal tools through which such policies ban or constrain the use of chemicals and encourage natural agriculture. Cuba has been a global leader in the policy, science andpracticeof agroecology in general andof urban agriculture based on agroecological principles in particular. But also In Quito and Rosario, production practices stimulated by the municipality are based on agroecology principles which lead to greater autonomy by reducing dependence on energy, knowledge. Inputs and intermediaries Agroecology provides a broad approach to sustainable urban food policies.going far beyond organic farming towards a perspective of food justice and ecosystem services provided by food systems. There are a growing number of city networks that recognise this and are oriented towards sustainable food systems.
The final section concludes with contributions focussed on cỉtữen and social movement-led Initiatives. The movements for agroecology are diverse - occurring In different places, amongst diverse peoples, different knowledge sets and worldviews and at different scales. Yet, what holds these in common are their commitment to social transformation. For example, the Movimento Urbano de Agroecologia. MUDA-SP (Urban Movement of Agroecology), is a collective of significant political presence in matters relating to urban agriculture and agroecology in São Paulo Madrid Agrocomposta is creating new partnerships between food producers and consumers, rural and urban dwellers, and policy makers in and around Madrid based on the principles of agroecology and circular economy.
In addition, CAWR shares its tools to explore, research, and learn about urban agroecology in the context of broader food and ecological challenges and the specific challenges posed by the urban setting.
We hope this issue of the UA Magazine will contribute to scaling up and scaling out of urban agroecology in cities and city regions by providing inspiring practices, guidance, and understanding of Its specific needs and tools for networking and political action.
[EBOOK] URBAN AGROECOLOGY, PUBLISHED BY URBAN AGRICULTURE (UA) MAGAZINE
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