[EBOOK] Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management, Edited by Ingrid Chorus and Jamie Bartram, Published by E & FN Spon

Concern about the effects of cyanobacteria on human health has grown in many countries in recent years for a variety of reasons. These include cases of poisoning attributed to toxic cyanobacteria and awareness of contamination of water sources (especially lakes) resulting in increased cyanobacterial growth. Cyanobacteria also continue to attract attention in part because of well-publicised incidents of animal poisoning. 

Outbreaks of human poisoning attributed to toxic cyanobacteria have been reported in Australia, following exposure of individuals to contaminated drinking water, and in the UK, where army recruits were exposed while swimming and canoeing. However, the only known human fatalities associated with cyanobacteria and their toxins occurred in Caruaru, Brazil, where exposure through renal dialysis led to the death of over 50 patients. Fortunately, such severe acute effects on human health appear to be rare, but little is known of the scale and nature of either long-term effects (such as tumour promotion and liver damage) or milder short-term effects, such as contact irritation. 

Water and health, and in particular drinking water and health, has been an area of concern to the World Health Organization (WHO) for many years. A major activity of WHO is the development of guidelines which present an authoritative assessment of the health risks associated with exposure to infectious agents and chemicals through water. Such guidelines already exist for drinking water and for the safe use of wastewater and excreta in agriculture and aquaculture, and are currently being prepared for recreational uses of water. In co-operation with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), WHO is also involved in the long-term monitoring of water through the GEMS/Water Programme; and in the monitoring of water supply and sanitation services in co-operation with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The World Health Organization supports the development of national and international policies concerning water and health, and assists countries in developing capacities to establish and maintain healthy water environments, including legal frameworks, institutional structures and human resources. 

The first WHO publication dealing specifically with drinking water was published in 1958 as International Standards for Drinking-Water. Further editions were published in 1963 and 1971. The first edition of WHO's Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality was published in 1984-1985. It comprised three volumes: Volume 1: Recommendations; Volume 2: Health criteria and other supporting information; Volume 3: Drinking-water quality control in small-community supplies. The primary aim of the Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality is the protection of public health. The guidelines provide an assessment of the health risks associated with exposure to micro-organisms and chemicals in drinking water. Second editions of the three volumes of the guidelines were published in 1993, 1996 and 1997 respectively and addenda to Volumes 1 and 2 were published in 1998. 

Through ongoing review of the Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, specific microorganisms and chemicals are periodically evaluated and documentation relating to protection and control of drinking-water quality is prepared. The Working Group on Protection and Control of Drinking-Water Quality identified cyanobacteria as one of the most urgent areas in which guidance was required. During the development by WHO of the Guidelines for Safe Recreational-water Environments, it also became clear that health concerns related to cyanobacteria should be considered and were an area of increasing public and professional interest. 

This book describes the present state of knowledge regarding the impact of cyanobacteria on health through the use of water. It considers aspects of risk management and details the information needed for protecting drinking water sources and recreational water bodies from the health hazards caused by cyanobacteria and their toxins. It also outlines the state of knowledge regarding the principal considerations in the design of programmes and studies for monitoring water resources and supplies and describes the approaches and procedures used. 

The development of this publication was guided by the recommendations of several expert meetings concerning drinking water (Geneva, December 1995; Bad Elster, June 1996) and recreational water (Bad Elster, June 1996; St Helier, May 1997). An expert meeting in Bad Elster, April 1997, critically reviewed the literature concerning the toxicity of cyanotoxins and developed the scope and content of this book. A draft manuscript was reviewed at an editorial meeting in November 1997, and a further draft was reviewed by the working group responsible for updating the Guidelines for Drinkingwater Quality in March 1998. 

Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water is one of a series of guidebooks concerning water management issues published by E & FN Spon on behalf of WHO. Other volumes in the series include: 

Water Quality Assessments (D. Chapman, Ed., Second Edition, 1996)

Water Quality Monitoring (J. Bartram and R. Ballance, Eds, 1996)

Water Pollution Control (R. Helmer and I. Hespanhol, Eds, 1997)

It is hoped that this volume will be useful to all those concerned with cyanobacteria and health, including environmental and public health officers and professionals in the fields of water supply and management of water resources and recreational water. It should also be of interest to postgraduates in these fields as well as to those involved in freshwater ecology and special interest groups. 

[EBOOK] Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management, Edited by Ingrid Chorus and Jamie Bartram, Published by E & FN Spon

CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD THIS EBOOK

Keyword: ebook, giáo trình, Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management, Cyanobacteria in Water, Cyanobacteria, vi khuẩn lam, khuẩn lam trong môi trường nước, độc tính của khuẩn lam, ảnh huwỏng của độc tính khuẩn lam