[EBOOK] Ecology and Management of Commercially Harvested Chanterelle Mushrooms, David Pilz, Lorelei Norvell, Eric Danell, and Randy Molina, Published by USDA

Owing to its varied topography and climate, the Pacific slope of western North America is covered with temperate conifer and hardwood forests that are unrivaled in their rich biological diversity. The original human inhabitants no doubt marveled at this region’s bountiful heritage of fish, wildlife, and plants that provided them with food and shelter. Native American tribes used native fungi for medicine and food, but as far as we know, mushrooms were minor items in the diets of most Native Americans dwelling in the Pacific Northwest. European settlers, however, brought with them very different cultures and food preferences, including a passion for mushrooms. The diverse flora of the Pacific Northwest supports a correspondingly rich mycota.1 As all major types of edible mushrooms appreciated in Europe are also found in the Pacific Northwest, often in a profuse variety, settlers and their descendants have harvested edible mushrooms for food and pleasure ever since their arrival. Chanterelles, already much appreciated in parts of Europe, Asia, Africa, and Central America, have become one of the most commonly harvested edible mushrooms in Pacific Northwest forests. Although some chanterelles have been sold locally (plate 1, [on center page]) ever since they were first collected in the region, the nature and scale of mushroom harvesting changed dramatically during the 1980s when they became internationally traded commodities.

Chanterelles are ectomycorrhizal. Mycorrhizal fungi grow in a mutually beneficial, or symbiotic, association with the root tips of green plants. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are a subset of mycorrhizal fungi that form sheaths over the root tips of certain trees and shrubs. (See the section entitled “Morphology and Physiology” for a more thorough explanation). Because chanterelles obtain their carbohydrate nutrition from living trees through this symbiotic association, forests are essential to their survival and productivity. We will discuss efforts to cultivate chanterelles, but currently they are all collected from natural or planted forests. With the onset of widespread commercial harvesting, sustainable chanterelle production has become an important issue for harvesters, consumers, and forest managers alike. Given the interdependence between chanterelles and live trees, everyone interested in sustaining chanterelle production recognizes that appropriate forest management influences their abundance. What constitutes “appropriate” forest management is less clear, however.

The purpose of this publication is to summarize, in a convenient format, what we currently know about chanterelles and management of the forests upon which they depend. Our literature cited section is meant to be inclusive so that it serves as a fairly complete guide to current, global, and historical literature about chanterelles. Our intended audience is broad, including forest managers, mycologists, mushroom enthusiasts, harvesters, ecologists, botanists, administrators, legislators, and the general public. In addition to our primary audience in the Pacific Northwest, we have designed this publication to be of interest to readers around the world. Effective management of chanterelles cannot be adequately addressed without considering the broad historical, cultural, ecological, and commercial context of their harvest. Similarly, much relevant information about the organism comes from research in Europe. After discussing the genera of mushrooms that are considered chanterelles and reviewing North American species, we explore chanterelles around the world and pertinent research conducted elsewhere. Thereafter we return our focus to Pacific Northwest chanterelles and regional research. Considering the diversity of interests of our intended audience, we wrote each part of this document so that the reader can skip directly to subject matter of interest without losing continuity.

[EBOOK] Ecology and Management of Commercially Harvested Chanterelle Mushrooms, David Pilz, Lorelei Norvell, Eric Danell, and Randy Molina, Published by USDA

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