[EBOOK] Management of Phytophthora diseases of durian

Durian is the favourite fruit in many Southeast Asian countries. It is a prized tree in many mixed gardens and a valuable orchard crop that commands extraordinarily high prices at local and export markets. The value of the worldwide trade in durian is estimated at A$ 3 billion annually. This project will develop strategies to control fruit rot, root rot, patch canker and dieback of durian (Durio zibethinus M.), caused by strains of Phytophthora usually identified as P. palmivora Butl. These diseases cause annual yield losses estimated at 15-30%, and their impact is compounded by locally severe incidences of tree deaths, and storage and transit rots that can destroy entire consignments.

The genus Phytophthora includes pathogens that cause root, stem, foliage, flower and fruit diseases of plants, although the pathogen is generally considered soil-borne. Disease is usually initiated when dormant propagules germinate and release infective zoospores following wetting or temporary flooding. Phytophthora is a poor saprophytic competitor, and the survival of the pathogen in the soil is vulnerable to orchard management practices that stimulate the activity of soil antagonists and reduce the likelihood of ponding. Composts and manures that stimulate the activity of actinomycetes, endospore-forming bacteria and certain fungi are used to reduce the incidence and severity of Phytophthora diseases in crops such as avocado (Stirling, Hayward & Pegg, 1992) and thryptomene (Aryantha, 1997; Aryantha & Guest, 1997). Composts and manures also improve soil drainage, soil fertility and plant growth.

Durian is a tall tree that is amenable to mixed farming systems in the tropics. However, the broad host range of P. palmivora creates a risk of cross-infection between intercrops. The variability of Phytophthora also presents a challenge to plant breeders attempting to incorporate disease resistance into breeding lines, and presents a challenge to quarantine barriers. Consequently, it is imperative to document and understand the host range, geographical distribution and virulence of pathogen isolates from different durian-growing areas.

Australian researchers are world leaders in developing integrated disease management (IDM) strategies, including the use of potassium phosphonate, to control plant diseases. Phosphonates have a remarkably low toxicity to mammals, and are selective for pathogenic Oomycetes such as Phytophthora (Guest et al., 1995). When directly injected into the trunk, phosphonates are extremely effective against Phytophthora diseases of cocoa and avocado (Guest et al. 1994 & 1995). The precise timing and rates of trunk injection are known to be important in determining the translocation and partitioning of phosphonate within the tree, and thus the level of disease control achieved. Thus, the mixed results from preliminary trials with durian suggest that further work on the timing of phosphonate injection in relation to tree phenology is required.

The primary objective of this project is to improve orchard establishment and sustainability, and the consistency of quality fruit supplies to the expanding Asian and Australian durian markets, by developing an integrated management program for orchard and postharvest disease. We will also examine the interaction between losses due to Phytophthora and other major post-harvest pathogens, and will develop strategies to improve fruit quality and prolong fruit life. Key elements of the project will be the development of orchard management practices that are appropriate for small-scale mixed farming systems as well as large orchards, including biological control and the targeted use of trunk-injected fungicides. These control strategies will be based on a thorough understanding of the biological and environmental factors conducive to disease, and will investigate techniques successfully used against Phytophthora diseases of avocado and cocoa. The expected outcome of this project, and the implementation of its recommendations, will be to reduce tree deaths, increase fruit yields and decrease post-harvest fruit losses. Diseases caused by related Phytophthora species also cause significant losses to Australian horticulture, and to the Australian environment. This proposal will address questions that are common to the management of disease in horticultural and natural plant communities.

This proposal builds on work on the control of Phytophthora fruit rot of durian in Thailand using Aliette (Pongpisutta & Sangchote, 1994), research on integrated management of Phytophthora on cocoa in Papua New Guinea (Guest et al. 1994), and biological control of Phytophthora cinnamomi in horticulture (Aryantha & Guest, 1997). A collaboration has already been established between the University of Melbourne, the Northern Territory Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, the Queensland Department of Primary Industries and pioneering durian growers in Australia, Kasetsart University in Thailand, and the Southern Fruit Research Institute in Vietnam. These collaborators offer the necessary expertise and facilities to successfully undertake the project outlined. The project will combine Australian expertise in:

• phosphonate mode of action and injection technology

• biological control of Phytophthora using composted manures and mulches

• the variability and ecology of Phytophthora, and

• durian cultivation, durian diseases and disorders

with Thai expertise in:

• durian cultivation and disease biology

and Vietnamese expertise in:

• durian orchard establishment

[EBOOK] Management of Phytophthora diseases of durian

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[EBOOK] MANUAL PLANT DISEASES, BY FREDERICK DEFOREST HEALD, M.S., Ph.D., McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, Inc.

Fifteen years ago the plant pathologists of America welcomed the appearance of “Fungous Diseases of Plants,” by B. M. Duggar, as the first general text or reference book of American origin to occupy the field. Although a number of books have since been written covering special phases of plant pathology, no general manual has appeared to serve as a guide in classes in general plant pathology, which has now become an accepted part of the agricultural curriculum. The pressing need for a modernized book for use in the author's classes was the motive that prompted the preparation of this book. The plan of presentation of the subject is essentially that which has been followed in the author's classes for the last 10 years.

An attempt has been made to present a view of the whole field of plant pathology, including environmental and virus diseases as well as those of bacterial and fungous origin, as it is felt that a book of restricted scope would perpetuate an erroneous notion which has been prevalent in recent years as to the real province of plant pathology. It has also seemed advisable to avoid the dictionary type of presentation, and to give instead a detailed consideration of a much smaller number of diseases, with the hope that this method of approach will impress the student with the importance of the subject and stimulate detailed rather than superficial study. Additional types with a few guiding references are given with the expectation that the student may be led to develop these according to the general plan.

No attempt has been made to present an organized treatment of culture methods and general plant pathological technique, or of the principles and practice of disease control, since, with the rapid strides made in recent years, it is the practice to present these phases of the subject in separate courses. Special manuals covering these subjects would be welcomed by all teachers. In the treatment of the parasitic ' diseases it has seemed desirable to follow the taxonomic sequence, rather than host groups, since it is not generally possible to require systematic mycology as a prerequisite to the elementary course in plant pathology. It has been the aim to introduce enough systematic mycol-f) ogy to provide for this lack of mycological preparation. The order of presentation may not suit all teachers. In actual practice, it may be varied if desired by passing to Sec. IV, Parasitic Diseases, immediately following the two introductory chapters and then returning to a con; sideration of the non-parasitic and virus diseases, A number of principles have guided the selection of the diseases given detailed treatment. Consideration has been given to types of disease, economic importance, causal factors or pathogenes and control methods. Limitation of space is the only excuse for the omission of certain important diseases which would otherwise have been introduced. It is felt that the historical introductions are well worth attention, as they will serve to impress the student with the fact that our present knowledge rests upon a long series of painstaking researches, but that in most cases the field is still open for new discoveries.

The author is indebted to a large number of pathologists for illustrations, which are credited in the legends, and to other pathologists for suggestions during the progress of the work. Special acknowledgment is here made to the late Dr. c. V. Piper for suggestions and criticisms covering the entire manuscript, and to the following for a critical reading of portions of the manuscript: Dr. L. IL Jones, Dr. I. E. Melhus, Dr. c. T. Gregory, Dr. F. A. Weiss, Dr. Fred R. Jones, Prof. J. B. s. Norton, Dr. G. w. Keitt, Prof. H. p. Barss, Dr. L. K. Jones, Mr. D. F. Fisher, Dr. A. J. Mix, Prof. F. c. Reimer, Dr. A. J. Riker, Dr. w. H. Martin, Dr. c. w. Hungerford, Dr. Wanda Weniger, Dr. N. J. Giddings, Dr. L. w. Durrell, Dr. M. F. Barrus, Dr. L. R. Hesler, Prof. R. E. Smith, Prof. L. E. Melchers, Dr. J. J. Taubenhaus, Dr. Haven Metcalf, Mr. G. F. Garvatt, Mr. R. p. Marshall, Dr. E. c. Stakman, Dr. V. F. Tapke, Dr. N. A. Cobb, Dr. Win. Trelease, Dr. G. L. Peltier, Dr. H. T. Giissow, Prof. w. T. Horne, Dr. Chas. Brooks and Prof. F. c. Stewart. In general, the plan was followed of submitting portions of the manuscript for critical reading to those workers who had previously made a special study of the subjects covered. The author has incorporated many valuable suggestions received from these sources, and here wishes to express his appreciation for the assistance rendered. For the final form of the manuscript, the author alone is responsible.

The author is also indebted to his co-workers, Prof. B. F. Dana, Mr. E. E. Honey and Mr. G. L. Zundel, for suggestions and aid during the progress of the work.

[EBOOK] MANUAL PLANT DISEASES, BY FREDERICK DEFOREST HEALD, M.S., Ph.D., McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, Inc.

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[EBOOK] AGRONOMIC RICE PRACTICES AND POSTHARVEST PROCESSING (Production and Quality Improvement), Edited by Deepak Kumar Verma, Prem Prakash Srivastav, Altafhusain B. Nadaf, APPLE ACADEMIC PRESS

Rice is the staple food of around three billion people, most of them in Asia, which accounts for 90% of global rice consumption. Rice constitutes a major source of nutrition and contributes a significant share of dietary energy in a number of Asian countries. Among 23 species of the genus Oryza, Oryza saliva L. is cultivated in Asia and O. glaberrima Steud. in West Africa. O. saliva L. is further differentiated into indica and japonica. Rice has immense diversity, and it is estimated that more than 100,000 varieties of rice exist in the world. India has an ancient heritage of rice cultivation and has over 70,000 cultivars of rice germplasm.

Agronomic practices encompass many areas of conservation—from practicing reduced-tillage methods, which lessen the need to till the soil before each crop, to managing planting populations, which ensures crops are not over- or undercrowded, and therefore are in optimal growing conditions. These small changes in farmers' routines can yield major dividends at harvest. The agronomic practices majorly include using appropriate seeding rates and fertilizer, keeping narrow rows, using hybrid maturities, and applying starter fertilizer doses.

After using effective agronomic practices, proper postharvest processing and handling is an important part of modern agricultural production. Postharvest processes include the integrated functions of harvesting, cleaning, grading, cooling, storing, packing, and transport. Postharvest technologies occur between the producer and the consumer—processes protect produce to preserve quality, reduce damage, travel distances, grade and categorize, document sources, and label. Postharvest handling involves the practical application of engineering principles and knowledge of fruit and vegetable physiology to solve problems. Therefore, it needs a closer coordination between all segments of the industry from the grower to the consumer, with great emphasis on proper postharvest handling, a multidisciplinary and systems approach to problem-solving, a greater use of computer control and communications technology, and a greatly renewed emphasis on mechanization.

The increased grain yield and improved rice quality are absolutely necessary to feed the world's galloping population and to maintain its health and nutrition. Thus, the recent approach for rice production includes the improvement of both yield and grain quality to cater for consumer demand and also to increase the nutritional level of the general public.

Presently, the India is producing more surplus than is needed nationally. Improvement in quality provides assurance that the surplus will find a rewarding market. The genetic makeup of grain is the major factor influencing the quality of rice. Modern programers continually strive to refine and improve the genetic characteristics that influence quality in the most desirable product. Another factor is the environment under which the plant is grown, such as the light rainfall and temperature. Similarly, soil and the management practices affect the grain quality. Careful harvesting and postharvest handling may maintain or even improve the rice quality. Quality characteristics in rice may be categorized into three broad areas. (1) Physical characteristics include moisture content, shape, size, whiteness, translucency, chalkiness, head rice, broken rice, brewers, green kernels, and yellow kernels. (2) The analysis of physicochemical characteristics of rice include amylose content, protein content, gel consistency, volume of expansion of cooked rice, water absorption, and cooking time. (3) The organoleptic properties of cooked rice include color, aroma, hardness, stickiness, and consistency.

This book, Agronomic Rice Practices and Postharvest Processing: Production and Quality Improvement, addresses these three important aspects of rice. For convenience of the readers, the book has been divided into four parts. Part 1 takes into account Recent Trends and Advances for Higher Production and Quality Improvement and consists of four chapters covering climate-resilient agriculture practices in rice through an Indian perspective; climatic effects, relative performance, and constraints in direct-seeded versus transplanted rice of Asia; constraints in temperate rice culture and interventions to mitigate the challenges; and recent advances and trends in system of rice intensification. Part 2 covers Nutrient Management for Rice Production and Quality Improvement, which consists of three chapters. Effect of zinc on growth, yield, and quality attributes of rice for improved rice production; integrated nutrient management in transplanted rice by pelleting technique; and effect of different organic sources of nutrition on growth, yield, and quality of rice are discussed in detail. Part 3 addresses Weed Management for Improved Rice Production through a chapter describing precautions and future implications in weed management and integrated weed management in zero-till direct-seeded rice. Part 4 deals with Postharvest Processing for Rice Quality Improvement. It includes two chapters discussing, effect of parboiling on different physicochemical and cooking properties of rice and nutritional quality evolution in rice.

The book has taken the present shape due to the contributions of renowned scientists, researchers, and professors through their tireless research. We are sure that this book will be a useful guide for the rice researchers working in the area of agronomic practices, postharvest processing, and quality improvement in rice.

Deepak Kumar Verma

Prem Prakash Srivastav

Altafhusain B. Nadaf

Editors

[EBOOK] AGRONOMIC RICE PRACTICES AND POSTHARVEST PROCESSING (Production and Quality Improvement), Edited by Deepak Kumar Verma, Prem Prakash Srivastav, Altafhusain B. Nadaf, APPLE ACADEMIC PRESS

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[EBOOK] PLANT TAXONOMY, O P Sharma, Tata McGraw-Hill Education Private Limited

Plant Taxonomy has been revised to reflect global perspectives with particular emphasis on the current syllabi requirements of the Indian Universities. Published first in 1993 and reprinted 19 times in subsequent years upto 2008, speaks volumes about its overwhelming reception by the readers. The developments in the field of plant systematics, coupled with new and exciting discoveries contributing to the progress in taxonomical fields providing new information in classification of plants, have given impetus to bring out the revised edition. The new edition was also needed because of several changes made in the syllabi of Indian Universities, and also because of variations in the market trends and examination patterns.

The second edition of Plant Taxonomy is designed to present the current principles, practices and techniques of plant taxonomy and contemporary classifications, and also to describe some of the other important angiospermic families and groups. Those who are familiar with the first edition will be aware that there has been change of format to a larger page size, and also a completely different layout of the text. A considerable number of illustrations and chapter-wise revision questions have also been added in the revised text.

The major aim of this book is to provide a general overview of plant taxonomy in the most effective and positive manner to the students. This revised edition of Plant Taxonomy is a broad, up-to-date synthesis of this active and fascinating field of botany. Besides retaining all chapters of the first edition, this revised edition now also includes some new chapters, viz. Taxonomic Structure, Examination of Plant Specimen, Molecular Taxonomy, and Table of Major Characters of Discussed Families. Also added in this new edition are the detailed discussions of 16 more families of dicotyledons (viz. Saxifragaceae, Begoniaceae, Passifloraceae, Araliaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Campanulaceae, Ericaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Loganiaceae, Polemoniaceae, Pedaliaceae, Plantaginaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Piperaceae, Cannabinaceae, and Salicaceae) and 4 families of monocotyledons (viz. Bromeliaceae, Cannaceae, Juncaceae, and Typhaceae), thus increasing the number of discussed families from 69 to 89 out of total number of 200 families of flowering plants discussed by Bentham and Hooker. This number of discussed families in this book is now larger than all other available books on plant taxonomy in the Indian market. The revised edition also discusses some new subtopics in certain existing chapters as suggested by reviewers of the book. These subtopics include (i) Deep-freezing methods, (ii) Restructuring of ICBN with the addition of the details of St. Louis Code (1999) and Vienna Code (2005), (iii) Phylocode, a new system of nomenclature, and (iv) Classification and major characters of subclasses and orders of dicotyledons and monocotyledons. In Comparative Tables of Selected Families, 13 new tables have been added, thus increasing the total number from 20 to 33 comparative tables. Another new feature is an index-listing of all relevant medicinal usages of discussed plants given at the end of the book. These additions will prove to be of great help to the students while preparing for their examination.

The major highlights of this book are as follows:

• Complete coverage of all important topics in Plant Taxonomy

- Plant Classification

- Plant Collection and Specimen Preparation

- Identification and Botanical Nomenclature

- Herbarium and Botanical Gardens

- Phylogeny

- Classification System and Description of 89 Families

• Four recent application-based Chapters

- Numerical Taxonomy

- Chemotaxonomy

- Serotaxonomy

- Molecular Taxonomy

• Examination Preparation Tools to aid students memorise basics and prepare efficiently for their examinations

- All 89 Families summarised in a Table

- 33 questions on ‘Differentiate between the families'

- 164 Chapter-end Examination Review Questions

• Rich pedagogy

- More than 900 rich plant organs sketches and floral diagrams

- Around 40 tables

• Updated as per International Botanical Congress Guidelines, (St. Louis, Missouri, July-August 1999) organised by IAPT: St. Louis Code, The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.

Plant Taxonomy, in its present form, should now meet the needs of undergraduate students of all universities of the country taking botany as their major subject. It should also cater to the complete requirements of postgraduate students of Botany, Agriculture and Forestry in majority of the Indian Universities. As has already been in the past, the book should also be useful for and liked by students preparing for AIPMT, CPMT, NET, SLET, IAS, IFS, PCS and several other major competitive examinations.

A major highlight of this revised edition is that all chapters are largely independent, so that the teacher may choose the desired sequence of topics according to his/her syllabus requirements. The level of presentation is primarily for undergraduate students and based mainly on the assumption that the students will have had an introductory Botany course. The author hopes that the book in its present form will prove stimulating to serious amateurs, teachers as well as professionals who are specialists in other fields but use classifications and other taxonomic information about flowering plants.

Before going to press, the revised manuscript was critically reviewed by some experts in the field, including Dr Tariq Husain, Angiosperm Taxonomy and Herbarium Division, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow; Dr N K Soni, Department of Botany, Dr H S Gour University, Sagar; and Dr P J Handique, Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati. Besides several positive comments and suggestions of these reviewers, one of them even commented that, “This book is above all the books available on Plant Taxonomy in the country”. For the pains taken by these reviewers, the author acknowledges their help and thank them all by heart.

Without the help of my dear student, Dr Mayank Uday Charaya, Professor of Botany, C.C.S. University, Meerut, this book would have not come in its present form. I express my heartfelt feelings to Professor Charaya and his team for searching latest information through the Internet. For several types of suggestions, technical clarifications and encouragements, I also express my gratitude to Dr R Shiam (my teacher from BSc to PhD), Dr N P Saxena (Meerut), Dr Lokendra Singh (Meerut) and Dr H P Pandey (University of Allahabad).

At this stage, I cannot ignore the help, support, cooperation and total dedication that my wife Dr (Mrs) Kanti D Sharma, PhD extended to me during the entire period of the preparation of this book. She deserves all my love and appreciation. Throughout this period, I had no option but to ignore my grandchildren (Kuhu and Karan), though deeply unwillingly. To them, I can simply say that I love both of you to my fullest.

I would be grateful if users of the book notify me of any errors or omissions that come to their notice. Comments and suggestions for improvements may be sent to tmh.sciencemathsfeedback@ gmail.com (kindly mention the title and author name in the subject line).

[EBOOK] PLANT TAXONOMY, O P Sharma, Tata McGraw-Hill Education Private Limited

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[EBOOK] Recent Developments in Management of Plant Diseases, Ulrich Gisi, Ilan Chet and M. Lodovica Gullino, Published by Springer

In addition to being scientifically interesting, plant pathology covers very practical aspects such as the study of symptoms, causes and mechanisms of disease development as well as the development of methods to manage plant diseases. Reliable disease management is the foundation for both the quantity and quality of plant products available to the world population and contributes to maintain the health and beauty of our landscape. Considering that an average of 14% of the produced crops are lost to plant diseases and another 6-12% loss after harvest, particularly in developing countries, it is easy to understand the need of measures to manage plant diseases.

Plant disease management remains an important component of plant pathology and is more complex today than before including new innovation in diagnostic kits for early and more precise diagnosis, the discovery of new modes of action of chemicals with low environmental impact and biological control agents with reliable and persistent activity as well as the development of new plant varieties with durable disease resistance.

This book is a collection of the invited lectures given at the 9th International Congress of Plant Pathology (ICPP 2008), held in Torino, August 24-29, 2008 and is part of a series of volumes on Plant Pathology in the twenty-first Century. It focuses on new developments of disease management and provides a very much updated overview of the state of the art given by world experts in the different fields of disease management. At ICPP 2008, 8 out of 56 Sessions dealt with disease management, demonstrating the importance of the subject. The different chapters deal with basic aspects of disease management, mechanisms of action of biological control agents, innovation in fungicide application, exploitation of natural compounds and resistance strategies. Moreover, the management of soil-borne diseases and disease management in organic farming are covered.

Twenty-five chapters are organised in five sections that cover concepts in chemical and biological control, exploitation of natural compounds, control of soil-borne plant diseases, plant breeding and resistance strategies.

We believe that, besides representing a written testimony of ICPP 2008, this book will be useful for all plant pathologists as well as students in advanced courses interested to go in depth into the exciting world of disease management.

We wish to thank all the colleagues who accepted to be part of this book, Zuzana Bernhart and her group at Springer for the technical support and Laura Castellani for her skilful administrative assistance.

[EBOOK] Recent Developments in Management of Plant Diseases, Ulrich Gisi, Ilan Chet and M. Lodovica Gullino, Published by Springer

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[EBOOK] Rice Research Studies, R.J. Norman and T.H. Johnston, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas

The research reports in this publication represent one year of results; therefore, these results should not be used as a basis for long-term recommendations.

Several research reports in this publication dealing with soil fertility also appear in Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 1996, Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 455. This duplication is the result of the overlap in research coverage between the two series and our effort to inform Arkansas rice producers of all the research being conducted with funds from the rice check-off.

Use of products and trade names in any of the research reports of this publication does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the products named and does not signify that these products are approved to the exclusion of comparable products.

All authors are either current or former faculty, staff or students of the University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture. For further information about any author, contact Agricultural Publications, (501)575-5647.

[EBOOK] Rice Research Studies, R.J. Norman and T.H. Johnston, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas

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[EBOOK] Water-wise Rice Production, Edited by B.A.M. Bouman, H. Hengsdijk, B. Hardy, P.S. Bindraban, T.P. Tuong, and J.K. Ladha, IRRI

Food security in Asia is challenged by increasing food demand and threatened by declining water availability. More than 75% of the annual rice supply comes from 79 million ha of irrigated paddy land. Thus, the present and future food security of Asia depends largely on the irrigated rice production system. However, rice is a profligate user of water. It takes 3,000-5,000 liters to produce 1 kilogram of rice, which is about 2 to 3 times more than to produce 1 kilogram of other cereals such as wheat or maize. Until recently, this amount of water has been taken for granted. Now, however, the water crisis threatens the sustainability of the irrigated rice ecosystem. In Asia, 17 million ha of irrigated rice areas may experience “physical water scarcity” and 22 million ha “economic water scarcity” by 2025. To safeguard food security and preserve precious water resources, ways must be explored to grow rice using less water. Various studies are under way to develop water-saving technologies for rice production, and there is a need to take stock and review the progress.

IRRI, together with Plant Research International of Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR-PRI; The Netherlands), organized a thematic workshop on Water-Wise Rice Production held 8-11 April 2002 at IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines. The objectives were to present and discuss the state-of-the-art in the development, dissemination, and adoption of water-saving technologies at spatial scales ranging from the field to irrigation system. The workshop brought together scientists and irrigation system managers from several consortia and projects examining water scarcity in rice production: the Water Workgroup of the Irrigated Rice Research Consortium, the Rice-Wheat Consortium, and the projects “Water-less Rice,” Growing More Rice with Less Water,” and “Ground Cover Rice Production Systems.” In total, there were 75 participants from 12 countries. At the workshop, the participants created the International Platform for Saving Water in Rice (IPSWAR; www.irri.org/ipswar/ about_us/ipswar.htm). The platform’s purpose is to be a mechanism to increase the efficiency and enhance the coherence of research on water savings in rice-based cropping systems in Asia.

This book contains the papers presented at the workshop. One chapter of the book is included as a video on CD-ROM in the back of the book.

[EBOOK] Water-wise Rice Production, Edited by B.A.M. Bouman, H. Hengsdijk, B. Hardy, P.S. Bindraban, T.P. Tuong, and J.K. Ladha, IRRI

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[EBOOK] Rice-maize systems in Asia: current situation and potential, J. Timsina, R.J. Buresh, A. Dobermann, and J. Dixon, IRRI

Rice-maize (R-M) cropping systems have emerged in recent years on 3.5 million hectares in Asia in response to the increasing demand from a rapidly expanding human population for rice and livestock products. They are rapidly spreading in southern and northeastern India and Bangladesh, driven by the rising demand for maize by the poultry and fish sectors and the tightening world export-import markets. The recent development of short-duration rice varieties and maize hybrids with improved drought tolerance is also providing opportunities for the expansion of R-M systems into areas of South Asia with insufficient irrigation or rain for continuous rice cultivation. Agroecologically, R-M systems have the potential to expand into broad climatic zones across Asia. Because strong economic multipliers exist between food production and feed and livestock production, more diversified cropping systems are also likely to become a key engine for economic growth in rural areas of Asia. This will contribute to more diversified diets, improved human nutrition, reduced poverty, and greater investment in other aspects of quality of life such as education and health care. R-M systems will also provide new business opportunities for the local agribusiness sector, including hybrid seed production and marketing, the fertilizer sector, the agricultural machinery sector, and the grain marketing and livestock feed-processing sector.

Recognizing the importance of diversifying cropping systems in Asia and the need for system-level research to support new opportunities for agricultural development, IRRI and CIMMYT scientists, in collaboration with NARES partners, have recently begun work on R-M systems in many countries of Asia. This report contains information on a strategic assessment of R-M systems for 29 selected sites representing diverse soils, climate, and agroecosystems across nine countries in Asia (Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam). Conducted jointly by IRRI and CIMMYT, the process involves regional and site-level biophysical assessment, supported by socioeconomic evaluation using economic data at the regional level and some microeconomic data. Biophysical assessment includes agroecosystem characterization of R-M systems, analysis of historical daily climatic data, and regional-level prediction of yield potential for the 29 sites. The study then provides a detailed analysis of 10 selected sites to understand existing cropping systems, identify alternative potential systems, and explore measures to optimize these.

The Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA), a project funded by the Gates Foundation and USAID in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan, was launched in early 2009. It now provides an overall strategy and a new umbrella for contributing new science and technologies to accelerate short- and long-term cereal production growth in South Asia’s most important grain baskets. It builds on technologies developed and lessons learned from the Rice-Wheat Consortium (RWC) and many other investments in agricultural R&D by both the public and private sector. Through creating and facilitating innovative and effective public-/private-sector partnerships in key “hubs” in South Asia, CSISA will boost the deployment of existing varieties, hybrids, crop- and aquaculture-related management technologies, and market information. The results from the strategic assessment of R-M systems are already being used in several CSISA hubs, and we hope that they will find wider usage in other countries as well.

We would like to thank the authors and their partners who took on the task of putting together this important book, which we are sure cereal systems researchers, donors, policymakers, and other stakeholders interested in cereal systems research and policy will find insightful.

[EBOOK] Rice-maize systems in Asia: current situation and potential, J. Timsina, R.J. Buresh, A. Dobermann, and J. Dixon, IRRI

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[EBOOK] Handbook of 200 Medicinal Plants (A Comprehensive Review of Their Traditional Medical Uses and Scientific Justifications), Shahid Akbar, Published by Springer

Medicinal plants have served humanity since its beginning. An overwhelming majority of the rural population of the world still relies on plant-based drugs for their healthcare needs. Earlier generations studied these plants utilizing only their keen sense of observation, and undying dedication to humanity, uncorrupted by financial considerations. With the wealth of inherited knowledge about these plants coupled with modern scientific tools, we have been able to harvest the benefits of some of these plants. However, the scientific community has barely scratched the surface of these natural wonders. Pharmacologists in the field of natural products have relied for references of medical uses of plants in Indian systems of medicine on books like Indigenous Drugs of India by Sir R. N. Chopra et al., Indian Medicinal Plants by K. R. Kirtikar and B. D. Basu, and Indian Materia Medica by K. M. Nadkarni. These books have served as excellent references for scientists from around the world for decades. I have also utilized these references for this book.

Interest in natural products has exponentially increased in the past few decades and pharmacological research in natural products is expanding worldwide. With modern daily life heavily influenced with science and technology, the use of medicinal plants has to keep pace, and evolve with it, especially in the mode of their utilization. Furthermore, the spiraling cost of drugs and overall healthcare is untenable, and our sincere efforts should be directed unbiased to unlock the hidden secrets of these natural and inexpensive resources to discover new prototype molecules to meet the growing healthcare challenges of our time. The worth of these plants is only realized by those who have benefitted from them, and I would like to quote here my Prof. (Late) Marvin H. Malone, who said at the VII Symposium on Pharmacognosy, held in Brussels in October 1980, “No person willingly will take an inactive drug when he or she is sick, and no human will patronize an ineffective medicine man when he or she is ill.”

Conceived more than 35 years ago in the absence of personal computers let alone Internet, obtaining credible and comprehensive information about the included plants, possible only by hand searches and limited to available resources, was a painfully slow and difficult task. However, with the advent of Internet and paid publications of the twenty-first century exploded the information available on these plants. At the time of conception of this book, international emphasis was being placed to exploit local customs and resources of the countries around the world to meet “Health for All by the Year 2000”, the goal WHO had set in 1978. Although the self-imposed deadline passed a long time ago without achieving that noble target, there has been a resurgence of interest in medicinal plants in the twenty-first century but for different reasons, one being the interest in everything “natural”, and second the exploding cost of healthcare. Undeniably, unprecedented progress has been made in medical care over the past half a century, but at an unaffordable high cost. In 1980, after a sudden increase in healthcare cost from the previous year, the U.S. per capita expenditure on healthcare ballooned to $1,067 that paled in comparison to a new milestone of $10,345 reached in 2016, and still moving upward.

Selection of plants for this book was discretionary, but largely based on the extent of their use in the traditional systems of medicine of Indian subcontinent. Some of these plants have been extensively studied, while others are still waiting to be explored. The customary practice of describing medicinal properties of plants in abstract terms leaves much to be desired. For example, statement of being anticancer, anti-inflammatory or cardiotonic, does not provide enough information with all nuances of the nature of the past work done. In this exercise, I endeavored to provide sufficient information (where available) for each plant covered in this book, for the inquisitive mind to chart a rewarding future course of action, including the controversies in identification, variations in active constituents, and other reasons for variations in observed effects, etc. I hope that it serves the purpose for which it was conceived and worked upon.

[EBOOK] Handbook of 200 Medicinal Plants (A Comprehensive Review of Their Traditional Medical Uses and Scientific Justifications), Shahid Akbar, Published by Springer

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[EBOOK] The U.S. Rice Industry. By Parveen Setia, Nathan Childs, Eric Wailes, and Janet Livezey. Commodity Economics Division, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service

The U.S. rice industry, which includes farmers, handlers, dryers, millers, processors, and ttaders, is more vertically integrated than other grain markets. The industry has over 300 years of history in the United States and has shown itself adaptable to changes in technology, regional advantage, export markets, environmental concerns, and consumer taste. Although producing only 1 to 2 percent of the world crop, the United States accounts for 16 to 17 percent of world rice trade. About hatf the U.S. crop is exported each year to diverse markets in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Latin America, and Canada. Rice production accounts for less than 1 percent of field crop value in the United States. It is more capital-intensive than other grain crops and rice farms are larger than other grain farms. Production is concentrated in six States. Important factors affecting the future of the U.S. rice industry include: the opening of world markets, environmental legislation, new uses for byproducts, and greater income growth in developing countries.

[EBOOK] The U.S. Rice Industry. By Parveen Setia, Nathan Childs, Eric Wailes, and Janet Livezey. Commodity Economics Division, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service

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Keywords: ebook, giáo trình, lúa gạo, Gạo, cung, cầu, giá cả, chất lượng, hệ thống tiếp thị, thương mại, chương trình của Chính phủ, Rice, supply, demand, prices, quality, marketing system, ttade, Government programs

[EBOOK] Weeds in Irrigated and Rainfed Lowland Ricefields in the Philippines

Knowledge in proper weed identification is very critical in the selection and implementation of effective weed management. It is also valuable in the choice and recommendation of economical and environmentfriendly methods of control.

This handbook was purposely developed to serve as guide to all farmers, students, professors, researchers, extension workers, and decisionmakers for effective management of weeds in the Philippines.

Dindo King M. Donayre

Edwin C. Martin

Salvacion E. Santiago

Jeong Taek Lee

[EBOOK] Weeds in Irrigated and Rainfed Lowland Ricefields in the Philippines

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Keyword: ebook, giáo trình, weed, Weeds in Ricefields, cỏ dại hại lúa, cỏ dại trong ruộng lúa, phòng trừ cỏ dại hại lúa

[EBOOK] A Primer on Organic-Based Rice Farming, R. K. Pandey, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)

Fertilizer has become a major input in rice production around the world. As its use has grown, traditionally used organic materials such as farmyard manure and green manure crops have been increasingly neglected.

Farmers have become more and more dependent on off-farm supplies, which require cash and may not always be available on time

The harmful effects on the environment of heavy and improper use of chemicals are becoming more evident. Further, the fossil fuels used in the production of nitrogen fertilizers are becoming scarcer. At the same time, the demand for rice is going up as populations increase, particularly in Asia

Thus, interest in sustainable farming—using renewable resources easily and cheaply available on the farm—is growing. Such a system maintains soil fertility as far as possible by the traditional biological means—rotating cereal crops with legumes, recycling manure and other organic wastes, using green manures—and combining these with moderate amounts of chemical fertilizers. Research has shown such combinations to be more effective than any single nutrient source in improving soil quality and nutrient use efficiency, and thus yields.

Such a system Is also more environmentally sound than one that relies solely on chemical fertilizers.

This book outlines the whys and hows of integrating organic and chemical fertilizer use. emphasizing the growing of green manure crops.

About 50 legumes suited to a wide range of rice-growing environments are described so that farmers may choose the ones best for their own needs. Most are multipurpose crops that not only will replenish soil nutrients but will also provide food, fodder, fuel, and extra income for the rice farmer.

The book was edited by Vrinda Kumble. Editorial Consultant Services, New Delhi, India, with special illustration by John Figarola, IRRI Communication and Publications Department. The book is designed to facilitate translation and copubhcation.

[EBOOK] A Primer on Organic-Based Rice Farming, R. K. Pandey, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)

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