[EBOOK] Eco-city Planning - Policies, Practice and Design, Tai-Chee Wong and Belinda Yuen, Published by SPRINGER

From the Kyoto Protocol. Copenhagen Accord to the current Cancún Conference in Mexico, international concern has been expressed on how best to combat global warming effects to achieve a more sustainable environmental development. Despite differences in commitments and responsibilities from participating countries, the common goal is to protect our mother Earth and our common future. As environmental sustainability becomes a core value of urban development, practising professionals in land use planning versed with ccocity planning ideals will have a great role to play and in contributing towards this common goal.

In this book, more than 12 leading experts, urban planners and academics have collectively expounded, shared their concerns and strategics on the new cco-city urbanism movement in our world today. It will be a “must read” book for a wide market spectrum, including city decision makers, academics and researchers, the public, private sector professionals such as planners, architects, engineers, landscape designers, geologists and economists, etc.

I read with interest the visions of eco-city and the emerging trends of tailor-made eco-towns and cities that are fast transforming scores of new cities in China, including Tianjin Eco-City development by the governments of China and Singapore; United Kingdom's plan to build 10 eco-towns across the country, and the world’s first ambitious multi-billion dollar carbon neutral city in Masdar, Abu Dhabi in the Middle East, etc.

As President of the Singapore Institute of Planners with an energetic and ambitious Council, I hope that we shall embark on more publications to showcase the excellent works of Singapore planners and those of the city-state of Singapore reflecting her great effort to build a sustainable and eco-friendly living environment. It is my great pleasure to present to you this book, which is comprehensively loaded with key aspects on eco-city planning. The book shares the W'orld’s aspiration in the search for a sustainable solution to the newly emerging urbanism towards building a better urban habitat.

[EBOOK] Eco-city Planning - Policies, Practice and Design, Tai-Chee Wong and Belinda Yuen, Published by SPRINGER

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[EBOOK] 12’ Wide Evolution Cedar Greenhouse Assembly Instructions

Thank you for purchasing your new Alton greenhouse. We recommend you familiarise yourself with the instructions and read all safety information before you commence assembly. This instruction manual is also available online at www.qreenhousepeople.co.uk in the technical help section should you need to reprint it. should you require any additional advice you can always call us on 01782 385409.

Safety Warning

•    Glass, aluminium and timber can potentially cause injury. Please ensure you wear protective goggles, gloves, headgear and suitable footwear when assembling and glazing the building.

•    Please remember that glass is fragile and should be handled with extreme care. Always clear up and dispose of any breakages immediately.

•    Do not assemble the greenhouse in high winds.

•    For safety reasons and ease of assembly, we recommend that this greenhouse is assembled by a minimum of two people.

•    Please clear all lying snow from the greenhouse roof as it can cause the roof to buckle or collapse.

Site Preparation

•    When selecting a site for your greenhouse, it is vital that you choose as flat and level an area as possible.

•    A concrete or slabbed base will provide the most solid foundation for your greenhouse. A slabbed base would be our preferred choice as this helps with drainage.

•    Avoid placing your greenhouse under trees or in other vulnerable locations.

•    To minimise the risk of wind damage, try to select as sheltered a site as possible, e.g. beside a hedgerow or garden fence.

Additional Considerations

•    Please bear in mind that assembling your greenhouse can be time consuming. You may need to spread the construction over two or more days. We recommend that you avoid leaving the building partially glazed. If you ever have to leave your greenhouse half assembled and not anchored down, weigh it down with slabs or bags of sand to stop the wind moving it.

•    You will find it helpful to prepare a large, clean and clear area in which to work in. A garage floor or flat lawn area is ideal.

•    If you have arranged for someone to install your greenhouse for you, please check that all components are included. Most parts are numbered and can be identified by a stamp or removable label. Alternatively, the components can be identified by lengths detailed in the packing list in your main cardboard box.

•    Once installed your greenhouse requires little maintenance, but to maintain the smooth running of your door(s) WD40 or similar can be applied to the door wheels and lower door guides.

•    Remember this is a natural un-treated product, the wood will soak up some water to start with and some staining may occur. This will settle down over time and the greenhouse will really blend with its surroundings. If you want to avoid this and give your greenhouse a more permanent finish you could apply an oil or spirit based product (it would be best to do this before glazing!).

[EBOOK] 12’ Wide Evolution Cedar Greenhouse Assembly Instructions

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[EBOOK] HYDROPONICS, CHANGE THE WAY YOU GROW - AN AGRIULTURE REVOLUTION BY PLANT GENOME SCIENCES

In this issue of Soilless Gardening - India you will read about the top five reasons to grow indoors, learn to grow strawberries and tomatoes, and stumble upon the latest news from leading manufacturers to the training of farmers.

While we are committed to soilless gardening, we will not limit ourselves to this field onlv. We will go beyond it; we will touch base with the world of greenhouses, equipment, and existing expos through out the world.

However, as India's very own industrial magazine, we ask you, the readers, for both input and questions. Our goal is to help India's new industry grow quickly, and implement achievements from all over the world. In doing so, we ask you to contact US with any questions - whether it be specific techniques, "how to's", product information or even general inquiries. We will answer your questions via e-mail and publish those that are relevant in the June issue of Soilless Gardening - India.

wre hope you enjoy this month's issue!

[EBOOK] HYDROPONICS, CHANGE THE WAY YOU GROW - AN AGRIULTURE REVOLUTION BY PLANT GENOME SCIENCES

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[EBOOK] Global Protocol for Community - Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (An Accounting and Reporting standard for cities)

Cities are integral to tackling the global challenge of climate change, as both a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, and a major source of innovative dimate solutions. An estimated 70 percent of the world's energy-related greenhouse gas emissions come from cities, a number that is likely to continue to increase as two-thirds of all people are expected to live in urban areas by mid-century. At the same time, cities are designing and implementing groundbreaking solutions to mitigate dimate change — promoting sustainable development and increasing climate resilience while reducing emissions. In order to have maximum global impact, however, city leaders need a standard by which to measure their emissions and identify the most effective ways to mitigate them.

The Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (CPC) offers cities and local governments a robust, transparent and globally-accepted framework to consistently identify, calculate and report on dty greenhouse gases. This indudes emissions released within city boundaries as well as those occurring outside them as a result of activities taking place within the city.

The GPC establishes credible emissions accounting and reporting practices that help cities develop an emissions baseline, set mitigation goals, create more targeted climate action plans and track progress over time, as well as sưengthen opportunities for cities to partner with other levels of government and increase access to local and international climate financing.
 

The GPC has already been adopted as a central component of the Compact of Mayors, the world's largest cooperative effort among mayors and city officials to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, track progress and prepare for the impacts of climate change, l aunched in September 2014, the Compact aims to undertake a ttansparent and supportive approach to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address climate risk, in a manner consistent with - and complementary to - the international climate negotiation process under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

Urban areas arc a logical setting tor implementing and measuring climate action. Local governments can be more nimble where regional or national governments arc more restricted by bureaucracy. Mayors, local councils and community leaders understand local needs and constraints, which often results in bolder, more effective action being taken. They can track the performance of city services, guide change in the community and set regulations that govern land use, building efficiency, and local transportation.

Thousands of cities are already taking action to reduce emissions and improve climate resilience. With the GPC, these cities and their advocates have a global standard TO track greenhouse gas performance and lead the way to a more sustainable future.

[EBOOK] Global Protocol for Community - Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (An Accounting and Reporting standard for cities)

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[EBOOK] The Earth - Sheltered Solar Greenhouse Book (How to build an energy - free year - round greenhouse), by Mike Oehler

Many people helped to bring this book to completion. In Idaho Vem Wilson of Bonners Ferry Glass and Jessica Berube of Northern Home Center have gracefully given of their time to answer questions, as have organic growers Marsha Semar and Kathi O’Leary. Mark Lathrom, AIA, in Post Falls, Idaho, helped conceptualize many of the early sketches. Architectural puzzles have been handled with expertise by Chris Royer, AIA, one of Massachusetts leading “green architects” and one of my best friends. Another great friend is Rob Roy who interrupted writing of his 13th book to read and proof this manuscript and write the forward. He is a legend in his time and an inspiration to countless people who struggle towards affordable housing. Tony Tiverious, my great brother-in-law, has come out of retirement as a top Chicago structural engineer to give US the load and stress tables in this book as he did on my underground house book back in the 1970’s.

Then there are Jill and David Fairall who with their wonderful children, lan and Hannah, share my land. Despite home schooling the children and keeping her household in order Jill graciously shares evening meals, helps on dishwashing and running the company, saving this author several hours a day for writing. If that isn’t enough, she has proofread this manuscript multiple times, given valuable advice, and did the indexing.

David Fairall has tuned out to be a wonder on the computer in not only typing the manuscript but in learning the software to help lay out the book. Our collaboration has been both rewarding and deeply satisfying. He is a diligent researcher. An expert photographer, he took the photos and did the captions on page 169 and 232. He turned into an astonishing artist in touching up many drawings and doing all the structural renderings from page 176 on . The computer did the renderings? No more than a paintbrush does the painting. David's a computer artist.

A number of other drawings in this book had two or more artists besides computer enhancement. Three of the artists did not sign theừ work so we aren't entirely sure of the specific artist or artists for each drawing. However, we are sure that Ross, who set the tone and was the artist to emulate, drew the hammer on page 42 and the strawberries on page 82. Anita Bedard, despite health problems, did many of the plant and vegetable drawings. Examples of her fine work are on pages 26 and 148. Katie Purviance, a u of Idaho architecture student who dropped out and disappeared into the cab of an over-the-road semi in the midst of her job with US, did all the insects in chapter 11, most of the earlier structural renderings and the drawings on page 53.

Then there were three astonishing Idaho art students at Bonners Ferry High School who cranked out numerous professional quality drawings for us. Senior Cassie Eisenhower, described by her art teacher as “the most talented art student I’ve ever had" did the drawings, among others, on pages 13 and 87. Sophomore Chandel Oyharsabal, grand champion artist at the Boundary County Fair, has examples of her fine drawings on pages 134 and 161, while Sophomore Sarah Tye, First Place faữ winner, displays samples of her excellent work on pages 149 and 151.

[EBOOK] The Earth - Sheltered Solar Greenhouse Book (How to build an energy - free year - round greenhouse), by Mike Oehler

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[EBOOK] ORGANIC VEGETABLE GARDENING, By the Editors of Time-Life Books

To vegetable gardeners, nothing tastes better than something they've grown in their own gardens, and if your vegetables are organically raised, they are as healthful as they can be. free of contamination from synthetic chemical pesticides and other possibly harmful substances.

Far from being an arcane or difficult science, organic gardening is a common sense blend of traditional techniques and modern advances for building a fertile soil and creating a healthy garden environment. Like the owner of the Vermont garden at right, who has planted a tidy network of vegetable beds around a flowering apple tree, you'll want to tackle organic vegetable gardening methodically. Assess your site, your climate, and your needs, and then concentrate on feeding the soil that will feed your vegetables. Ry following the techniques presented in this book and rely exclusively on organic amendments, fertilizers, pesticides, and fungicides, you’ll not only protect your health and that of the environment, you'll also enjoy a robust, productive garden.

An orderly plot of dark, crumbly soil brimming with vigorous, carefully tended vegetables and fruits is a handsome expression of the gardener's art, as beautiful in its own way as an artfully composed perennial border. Before you begin the appetizing task of deciding which varieties to grow, however, you need to do some thoughtful planning so that the venture will be a productive one. The first order of business is to choose the best site your property has to offer for this purpose. Although such matters as the size, convenience, and appearance of a vegetable garden are important factors to keep in mind, put topnotch growing conditions at the top of your list of concerns as you compare the possibilities your yard offers. 

[EBOOK] ORGANIC VEGETABLE GARDENING, By the Editors of Time-Life Books

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[EBOOK] Senegal Gardening Manual

Agriculture in Senegal
 

Gardening in Senegal

Gardeners in every corner of Senegal grow a variety of vegetables for use in the lunch bowl, raw salads, and a variety other dishes. On a local level, production takes place in small scale market gardens for sale in local markets, and in small home-gardens for personal consumption. Most people engage in some kind of agricultural activity, or have farmers or gardeners in the immediate family. However, almost 80% of the vegetables grown in Senegal are produced on a narrow strip of land between Dakar and Saint-Louis known as the Niayes. The food is then shipped east, loosing freshness, and quality with each stop. With the exception of a relatively few, large-scale industrial agricultural operations, the vast majority of gardening activities employ manual labor and rely on relatively underdeveloped techniques and practices. As a Peace Corps volunteer working in agrarian communities, you will be able to use gardening to extend a wide variety of best practices no matter what your sector. From basic agricultural extension to health and nutrition education, to small-scale economic development, everything always comes back to food.

[EBOOK] Senegal Gardening Manual

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[EBOOK] Permaculture Design Course Pamphlet Series

This is the first in a series of 15 pamphlets based on the 1981 Permaculture Design Course given by Bill Mollison at The Rural Education Center, Wilton. New Hampshire. USA. Elizabeth Beyor. without compensation, transcribed tape recordings of the course and subsequently edited them into the 15 pamphlets. Thelma Snell typed all 15 pamphlets and laid^)ut most of them. Lisa Barnes contributed illustrations to pamphlets II. IX. and XI. Bill Mollison edited the pamphlets for accuracy and style, as did I. their publisher. Dan Hemenway. I also performed computer typesetting for this edition. After about 10 years of using Thelma's typescript, we were able to offer a typeset version, which is at once more compact, saving trees and money, and more readable. Now we also offer the pamphlets in electronic form, so that they may be read directly by computer without use of any paper, saving more trees. This edition has been slightly re-editcd to make it more readable, accurate, and up to date.

In deference to the monumental tasks of love in this work, often painstaking, always careful and caring, and with Bill Mollison's consent, I have placed these pamphlets in the public domain. Their reproduction is free to all and encouraged. Credit, above all to Bill Mollison and secondly to Yankee Pormaculturc, is proper and appreciated.

We have rough Spanish translations of a few Permaculture Design Course Pamphlets, some rrench translations, and some German translations. To obtain the latest list of translations we have available, order Permaculture Paper #27 from the Yankee Permaculture order form. This is our list of special order documents. Volunteer translators are needed, particularly for Spanish versions. Since these pamphlets are in the public domain, we expect that there are translations of which we have not heard. If you encounter any. please let US know.

Through the efforts of volunteers, we have placed this survey of permaculture in the public domain, supplementing the copyrighted material that is available. Just as we encourage you to reproduce these pamphlets, we urge you to respect the copyright of other permaculture books and publications. Always request permission to reproduce copyr ighted material. Always abide by tire decision of the copyright holder.

Volunteers are still greatly needed in all phases of our permaculture work. We hope that these pamphlets encourage you to join the champions of Earth, our mother, whether you call your- worfc permaculture, something else, or no particular name at all. And if you wish to pursue permaculture. please note that we offer a large selection of permaculture publications, a journal, a correspondence Permaculture Design Course, and that we are also available to deliver lectures, lead workshops, and teach Permaculture Design Courses anywhere in the world.

To purchase any of these pamphlets on computer disk, please consult our order form.

For our Mother, the Earth,

Dan Hemenway. Sparr. Florida. USA. January 2001.

Ninth edition.

[EBOOK] Permaculture Design Course Pamphlet Series

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[EBOOK] IITA Resource and Crop Management Technologies - An Annotated Bibliography, S.O. Oikeh, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria

Since the 1970s, the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, through the Resource and Crop Management Division/Farming Systems Program, has developed various prototype technologies to increase food production while conserving the natural resource base in sub-Saharan Africa. The technologies can be classified broadly into three: (1) those on cropping systems based on improved fallow management, including agroforestry (alley farming and multistrata systems), legume cover crops (live-mulch and in-situ cover crops), and crop rotation; (2) those on cropping systems based on crops and agroecological zones, including cassava-based for the humid forest, maize-based for the moist savanna, and nce-based for inland valleys, and (3) land and soil management technologies including zero/min:mum-tillage.

The bibliography has a summary for each technology that includes a definition and concept of the technology, a brief history of its development, major research results, adoption of the technology, lessons from the adoption, and die future of the technology. It also has an executive summary of abstracts of documented studies in refereed journals, proceedings, book chapters, and Annual Reports. In the case of alley-farming systems, the most researched technology, the literature has been categorized into different components lettered A to F for ease of identification. Each bibliographic entry has letters) to identify the components of this technology covered in the study.

This publication IS intended to provide scientists with first-hand information on the resource and crop management technologies developed by the Institute. It also provides baseline information for newly recruited scientists who want to have an overview of the research done on resource and crop management to date to avoid duplication of studies. Research managers will find this publication useful as a basis for future research planning.

[EBOOK] IITA Resource and Crop Management Technologies - An Annotated Bibliography, S.O. Oikeh, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria

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[EBOOK] Conversion of conventional farming into organic farming

Module No.5 (Conversion of conventional farming into organic farming) aims to enliance the competence in the field of organic agriculture and the possible implementation of its principles and methods in practice. The module focuses on the staff of regional and municipal administrations concerned with sustainable rural development and the environment. Therefore the emphasis is rather on the actualization of questions of organic agriculture, then on the realization of principles and methods in specific practical conditions.

The topics of the module cover topical and problematic questions connected with organic agriculture and integrate them in the system where both traditional forms and methods, as well prospective innovative approaches in development of organic agriculture are considered. Therefore we hope that the issues will be of interest to anyone interested in ecological (organic) agriculture. Expected result of this training module is the development of knowledge of a complex approach and the ability to assess efficiency and possibility of modernization and introduction of elements of organic agriculture.

The module was developed in the frame of the Tempus project “Vocational Training in Rural Development and Ecology”. In co-operation with eleven Russian agricultural academies and universities, the Russian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, practise partners from the public and private sector in Russia and EU partners from Germany. France, Poland. Italy and Slovak Republic 12 different modules have been developed covering a wide range of topical questions in the field of sustainable rural development. These modules are:

Sustainable development: key terms and theoretieal basis (Introductory Module 1. Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy)

Sustainable rural development: approaches for regional and local programmes elaboration (Module 2, Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy)

Ecolaheling and marketing of environmental and regional products from rural areas (Module 3, Orel State Agrarian University)

-    Eco-tourism and tourism in rural areas (Module 4, Buryat State Agrarian Academy of Agriculture named after V.R.Philippov)

Conversion of conventional farming into organic farming (Module 5, Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy)

Environmental regulations and laws (Module 6. Stavropol State Agricultural University)

-    Ecological related problems of intensive agriculture (plant and animal production)

(Module 7. Omsk State Agrarian University)

-    Participatory approach in rural development (Module 8, Kostroma State Agricultural Academy)

Reducing pollution in rural areas caused by agricultural, industrial and municipal solid waste (Module 9, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University)

Sustainable use of water resources in rural areas (Module 10, Samara State Agricultural

Academy)

- Food safety and product quality control (Module 11. Moscow State Agroengineering

University named after Goryachkin v.p.)

Management of biological resources of rural areas (Module 12. Tambov State University

named after G.R. Derzhavin)

The introducing module on the key terms and theoretical basis of sustainable development basis is an ideal preparation for all the above listed specific modules. Persons who start to get involved in the field of ecology and sustainable rural development, W'e recommend to read this basic module first, before deepening one of the other topics. Readers interested in the modules and further training can address also all involved university partners to get further information or training about the listed modules.

Tills textbook on module x$5 ((Conversion of conventional fanning into organic fanning)) was developed by experts from Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy plus colleagues from Slovak University of Agriculture. Contact addresses are provided in the chapter «RUDECO Partners and Contact Addresses»

Persons dealing with the presented topic x#5 ((Conversion of conventional fanning into organic fanning)) might be especially interested also in module 1, 3, 4, 7 The topic of module JMfi5 is closely interlinked with module >f$3 «Ecolabeling and marketing of environmental and regional products from mral areas», module .No" ((Ecological related problems of intensive agriculture (plant and animal production)*.

The authors are sincerely grateful to professor M. L-Bartosova, as well as staff of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, E. Gustedt and as well as staff of the Academy for spatial Research and Planning (Germany), A. Khodus (NP "Agrosophie") for advice and assistance in the collection and compilation of information, special appreciation we express M. Dietrich. J. Kopsch, A. Thomas and A. Voitenko (University of Hohenheim, Germany).

[EBOOK] Conversion of conventional farming into organic farming

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[EBOOK] ONION HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTION

The purpose of this Onion Health Management and Production publication is to provide an updated, comprehensive, and authoritative account of onion plant health and production practices commonly employed throughout irrigated regions of North America. It is national in scope and practical in emphasis. It is designed to assist in the diagnosis of onion diseases and pests whether in the field, laboratory, or diagnostic clinic, and to provide an overview of pest management strategics that can be employed to reduce their impacts. In addition, an overview of primary production practices is provided. To simplify technical terminology, trade names of products and equipment occasionally will be used. No endorsement of products named is intended nor is criticism implied of products not mentioned.

This handbook resulted from the efforts of many people as authors, photographers, reviewers, and sponsors to whom we express our deepest thanks. The editor gratefully acknowledges the support, time and facilities provided by our sponsors and the home institutions of our authors to this effort on behalf of the national onion community.

We also wish to thank the many individuals who supplied figures and photographs for this handbook.

[EBOOK] ONION HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTION

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[EBOOK] Mushrooms traded as food (Nordic questionnaire, including guidance list on edible mushrooms suitable and not suitable for marketing. For industry, trade and food inspection)

Mushrooms are traditionally used as foodstuffs, both commercially and privately. Some edible mushrooms are cultivated like Oyster Mushroom and Button Mushroom, while others like Chanterelle and Cep are growing wild and collected in the nature. Both the cultivated and the wild mushrooms are commercially available.

Mushrooms are sold fresh or as products like dried, edible fungi (Including freeze-dried fungi, fungus grits, fungus powder), pickled fungi, salted fungi, fermented fungi, fungi in vegetable oils, quick frozen fungi, sterilized fungi, fungus extract, fungus concentrate and dried fungus concentrate or as Ingredients of foods ready-to-eat.

This project is focusing on mushrooms sold commercially as food. It is the aim to give guidance on edible mushrooms to Industry and trade and to the public food Inspection.1

The guiding tools arc a questionnaire and as support, guidance lists on mushrooms, based on risk assessments of published scientific research (Volume I).

More background Information IS available in the background report: Volume II, section 1 and 2.

Volume II, section 1 has also more details on mushrooms, contaminants, intoxications and legislation-

volume II, section 2 covers the risk assessments on more than 100 Individual species in the four lists with scientific references on which the assessments are based- Pictures of the mushrooms in lists are also Included.

The goal for the publication is to improve the in-house control and thereby the safety of traded mushrooms as food.

Edible mushrooms
 

Edible mushrooms mean fruit bodies of fungi, a group of organisms different from plants and animals.

In general, mushrooms sold as edible should not harm the consumer, neither Immediately nor with short-term or long-term adverse effects. This is the common ground in the EU legislation on food.

The European Food Law, Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 defines "food" (or "foodstuff”) as "any substance or product, whether processed, partially processed or unprocessed. Intended to be, or reasonably expected to be ingested by humans." Many mushroom species are only suitable for use as food after processing.

Knowledge of "what is edible" is essential and so is correct identification of mushrooms traded as food. Knowledge has to be updated as the available information of adverse effects after ingestion of some mushroom species IS developing. Furthermore, The number of species sold as edible mushrooms seems to in-crease.
Advice on safe use of mushrooms
•    Kill only mushrooms which you are 100% sure that you can recognize

•    Eat only mushrooms, which are generally recognized as edible

•    Do not Call mushrooms raw. as many mushrixims may cause discomfort, c.g, stomach pain if eaten raw

•    Do not cat spoiled mushrooms

•    When eating a new species of a mushroom for the first Ume. always stait up with a small portion in order to minimize the possible risk for allergy or other hypersensitivity reactions
Poisonous mushrooms

Mushrooms cover both edible species, like Boletus species (e.g. Cep), and acutely or even deadly poisonous species like Deathcap [Amanita /)/ỉứ/-loides). Other species of mushrooms contain compounds, which may have long-term effects (e.g. induce tumours), or toxins that cause intoxications of less serious outcome. More common effects arc nausea, stomach pain, and hypersensitivity reactions to mention a few effects.

Thus, it is Important to have a good overview of the local mushroom market. As the global interchange of foods is increasing, new mushroom species might appear on the Nordic market All these Issues require guidance for responsible in-house control in trade and industry as well as In the public food inspection in order to ensure food safety.

Whether food items are safe to eat or not is to large extent based on knowledge gathered during centuries. However, the assessment of food safety should be based on a modern approach to risk assessment based on data available In the scientific literature.

In Europe, foods that are new on the European market are covered by the Novel Food regulation. A short overview of relevant legislation is in Annex I.

[EBOOK] Mushrooms traded as food (Nordic questionnaire, including guidance list on edible mushrooms suitable and not suitable for marketing. For industry, trade and food inspection)

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[EBOOK] Integrated pest management in mediterranean greenhouses, Juan Carlos Gaquez Garrido and Jose Luis Racero Luque-Romero

The current trend in crop protection is oriented towards the production of quality food, without neglecting environmental protection. It is therefore important to reduce the use of chemicals that can be harmful to the health of people and the environment and guide phytosanitary protection towards methods that take this into account, such as biological control. This form of food production attempts to make the most of natural resources, while maintaining the profitability thresholds and production levels agricultural estates need to be competitive, producing healthy foods that respond to requirements of ever-more demanding markets and consumers.

The European Union (EU) has established a framework for community action to achieve sustainable use of pesticides. The proposed measures include, in particular, the strengthening of surveillance, training and user information, as well as specific measures concerning the use of these substances.

Integrated pest management (IPM) is a control strategy that is basically the rational application of a combination of biological, biotechnological, chemical, cultural or plant-breeding or selection, so that the use of phytosanitary products is limited to the minimum necessary. These control measures must be combined intelligently in order to maintain population levels of phytophagous pests below their economic damage thresholds. 

[EBOOK] Integrated pest management in mediterranean greenhouses, Juan Carlos Gaquez Garrido and Jose Luis Racero Luque-Romero

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[EBOOK] Ecology and Management of Commercially Harvested Chanterelle Mushrooms, David Pilz, Lorelei Norvell, Eric Danell, and Randy Molina, Published by USDA

Owing to its varied topography and climate, the Pacific slope of western North America is covered with temperate conifer and hardwood forests that are unrivaled in their rich biological diversity. The original human inhabitants no doubt marveled at this region’s bountiful heritage of fish, wildlife, and plants that provided them with food and shelter. Native American tribes used native fungi for medicine and food, but as far as we know, mushrooms were minor items in the diets of most Native Americans dwelling in the Pacific Northwest. European settlers, however, brought with them very different cultures and food preferences, including a passion for mushrooms. The diverse flora of the Pacific Northwest supports a correspondingly rich mycota.1 As all major types of edible mushrooms appreciated in Europe are also found in the Pacific Northwest, often in a profuse variety, settlers and their descendants have harvested edible mushrooms for food and pleasure ever since their arrival. Chanterelles, already much appreciated in parts of Europe, Asia, Africa, and Central America, have become one of the most commonly harvested edible mushrooms in Pacific Northwest forests. Although some chanterelles have been sold locally (plate 1, [on center page]) ever since they were first collected in the region, the nature and scale of mushroom harvesting changed dramatically during the 1980s when they became internationally traded commodities.

Chanterelles are ectomycorrhizal. Mycorrhizal fungi grow in a mutually beneficial, or symbiotic, association with the root tips of green plants. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are a subset of mycorrhizal fungi that form sheaths over the root tips of certain trees and shrubs. (See the section entitled “Morphology and Physiology” for a more thorough explanation). Because chanterelles obtain their carbohydrate nutrition from living trees through this symbiotic association, forests are essential to their survival and productivity. We will discuss efforts to cultivate chanterelles, but currently they are all collected from natural or planted forests. With the onset of widespread commercial harvesting, sustainable chanterelle production has become an important issue for harvesters, consumers, and forest managers alike. Given the interdependence between chanterelles and live trees, everyone interested in sustaining chanterelle production recognizes that appropriate forest management influences their abundance. What constitutes “appropriate” forest management is less clear, however.

The purpose of this publication is to summarize, in a convenient format, what we currently know about chanterelles and management of the forests upon which they depend. Our literature cited section is meant to be inclusive so that it serves as a fairly complete guide to current, global, and historical literature about chanterelles. Our intended audience is broad, including forest managers, mycologists, mushroom enthusiasts, harvesters, ecologists, botanists, administrators, legislators, and the general public. In addition to our primary audience in the Pacific Northwest, we have designed this publication to be of interest to readers around the world. Effective management of chanterelles cannot be adequately addressed without considering the broad historical, cultural, ecological, and commercial context of their harvest. Similarly, much relevant information about the organism comes from research in Europe. After discussing the genera of mushrooms that are considered chanterelles and reviewing North American species, we explore chanterelles around the world and pertinent research conducted elsewhere. Thereafter we return our focus to Pacific Northwest chanterelles and regional research. Considering the diversity of interests of our intended audience, we wrote each part of this document so that the reader can skip directly to subject matter of interest without losing continuity.

[EBOOK] Ecology and Management of Commercially Harvested Chanterelle Mushrooms, David Pilz, Lorelei Norvell, Eric Danell, and Randy Molina, Published by USDA

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[EBOOK] The Impact of Globalization on the Agricultural Sectors of East and Central African Countries, P. Robbins and R.S.B. Ferris, Published by ASARECA/IITA Monograph

The main themes of the report

The process of globalization affects many aspects of agriculture and the wider economy. In order to

explore the main issues tJLcing, African countries, this report has divided the utiles into eleven dseme*.

I Historical context. Agricultural activity in Pastern and Central African counrries has been greatly influenced by those countries lung relationship with the rest of the world. Many of the structures used to assist producers and to distribute and marker produces have been inherited From the colonial era. The pressure to liberalize agricultural production and marketing began thirty years ago.

2. Globalization: a trade revolution. The term global (ration describes I lie Internationa] capitalist movement that is transforming world economic affairs today. The process is based on a combined effect oF rapid advances in technology, global financing, information access* and communication. Mass access to these Factors has catalyzed a pch<»d of exceptional economic growth ỉn the industrialized nations during the past 10 years and the impact of global Í/.H ion will be the most influential vehicle of change in the next decade.

5.    The impact of liberalization on agriculture. The objectives of the liberalization poxes* beginning with economic structural adjustment programs which were adopted by nxm African countries, and how these change* have affected Agriculture and agricultural communities. International trade agreements. Agreements between trading partners governing imports and export* of agricultural commodities and agricultural input. The agreements governing trade with Fairope, World Trade Organization agreements, and regional trade.

5.    Trade negotiations. Mechanisms of negotiating trade agreements and the diHiculues encountered by developing countries in ilscir anempc to represent that countries* interests in these negotiations.

6.    Agricultural markets. The growing influence of market mechanisms over the production and distribution of agricultural products and agricultural inputs. \ he changes that luve occurred in agricultural markets at the local, national, and international level.

7.    Agricultural market infrastructure. The impact of liberalization on the means by which agricultural products arc marketed including transport, contractual arrangements, credit provision, and the provision of market information.

H The postadjustment agenda. In recent years, enough evidence his been accumulated to enable observers to identify the positive and negative aspects of the globalization process. Dil-cuss ion has moved on to how developing countries can best take advantage of new opportunities and bow they can protect thcimclvrv, either by changes in local policies or with interna nonal assistance, from the Hellene aspects of globalization. This agenda will influence the evolution of policy* in trade negotiations* Jgriculrur.il research, and agricultural development.

9 A profile of individual countries. The specific difficulties of individual Fast and Central African countries in an increasingly globalized world.

10. Conclusions and recommendations. 1 bis section will surest rccommcmiitions to government agencies and thr other public and private agencies working in agriculture in the region.

11. Sources of information and information links. This section indudes annexes regarding the globalization debate, futures markets, and new ideas on managing markets.

[EBOOK] The Impact of Globalization on the Agricultural Sectors of East and Central African Countries, P. Robbins and R.S.B. Ferris, Published by ASARECA/IITA Monograph

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[EBOOK] The Fertigation Bible: Technologies to optimise fertigation in intensive horticulture, Rodney Thompson, Use Delcour, Els Berckmoes and Eleftheria Stavridou

This document contains a description of the FERTINNOWA project work and findings. The document Is proprietary of the FERTINNOWA consortium members. The information presented in this document is made available solely for general information purposes and does not claim to be or constitute legal or other professional advice and shall not be relied upon as such.

Whilst we have taken all reasonable steps to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the information on this document, it is provided on an "as is" basis and we give no warranty and make no representation regarding the accuracy or completeness of its content. Neither the project consortium as a whole nor the individual partners that implicitly or explicitly participated in the creation and publication of this document hold any responsibility for actions that might occur as a result of using its content.

Company or product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. All rights reserved. The mention of a company or product does not indicate a recommendation.

This document reflects only the authors' views. The European Community is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained herein.

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FERTINNOWA grants permission for redistribution and use of all publicly posted documents created by FERTINNOWA, provided that the following conditions are met:

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[EBOOK] The Fertigation Bible: Technologies to optimise fertigation in intensive horticulture, Rodney Thompson, Use Delcour, Els Berckmoes and Eleftheria Stavridou

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[EBOOK] The Complete Aquarium Guide (FISH, PLANTS AND ACCESSORIES FOR YOUR AQUARIUM), By STIGE

There was a time when the keeping and study of exotic fish was the preserve of serious researchers closeted in their laboratories; today, it is an established and popular hobby. Dealerships and specialized sales areas in large stores are springing up everywhere, paralleling an explosion in the number of public aquariums and books or magazines devoted to the subject. More and more people of all ages are falling under the spell, enjoying permanent access to a part of the natural world that was formerly beyond their reach. There are almost as many kinds of hobbyists as there are types of fish: the semiprofessional, the "small" and the "modest" collector, the specialist. There are the fanatics, who spend every minute of their time and energy on their aquariums, while for others fishkeeping is just a passing fad. Enthusiasts include the young - and the not so young; those with scientific knowledge or mere novices; those actively working and the retired. Such an immensely varied following guarantees that the world of the aquarist is full of interest and color.

A WINDOW ONTO ANOTHER WORLD

We have all become familiar with how our television screens offer us, from the comfort of our living rooms, a small window onto the wide world outside. An aquarium also provides a glimpse into a different universe - but this time inhabited by real, live creatures.

A lot of thought and work goes into a top-class aquarium. We select the best site, we want fish and decor which satisfy our sense of beauty. Before long, our new purchase has relegated to the background our photos, pictures and even the TV.

The last ten or so years have seen the aquarium come into its own in institutions and public buildings. In educational establishments it represents an important teaching aid, enabling students to observe creatures in conditions resembling their natural habitats. The medical profession has likewise realized its benefits. The fish gliding through their silent, predominantly green world in a kind of underwater ballet are the perfect sedative for nervous patients; it is by no means unusual to come across tanks in the waiting-rooms of doctors and dentists, in physiotherapy rooms, hospitals, and indeed in psychiatric clinics. More recently, aquariums have been introduced into prisons.

FISHKEEPING, SCIENCE, AND AQUACULTURE

Keeping fish contributes to the development of scientific research into aquatic environments, and is relevant to the study of animal and plant biology, ecology, reproduction, feeding, and behavior. Researchers use some species to test the toxicity of pollutants or suspected pollutants.

Aquaculture or fish farming - the production of living creatures with the principal aim of selling them as food - has features in common with fishkeeping. In both cases, it is a matter of maintaining fish in captivity and encouraging them to reproduce, always under the best possible conditions. The use of aquariums has allowed us to improve our knowledge of, for example, the breeding of marine larvae destined eventually for human consumption. It can also aid the preservation of species threatened with extinction for various reasons; we can study their behavior and reproductive methods with the aim of rearing young which can be released into their natural habitats.

On the other hand, aquarists are regularly accused of being party to the destruction of certain environments.

The fact is that though the vast majority of freshwater fish kept in aquariums are the result of captive breeding, the same is not true of marine fish, which are caught mainly in their natural habitats. The numbers taken are out of all proportion to the needs of aquarists owing to unsatisfactory conditions of capture and transport. For every marine fish which arrives alive in an aquarium, how many have died as they were being caught - often in a highly questionable manner - or during shipment or in the course of acclimatization? In this sense, the accusation is justified. The only solution is to impose stricter controls and improve techniques so that the number of fish caught to supply aquarists remains within a safe limit.

[EBOOK] The Complete Aquarium Guide (FISH, PLANTS AND ACCESSORIES FOR YOUR AQUARIUM), By STIGE

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[EBOOK] Handbook of MICROBIOLOGICAL MEDIA, Ronald M. Atlas, Published by CRC PRESS

The fourth edifice. of the Handbook of Microbiological Media includes the formulations and descriptions of 7,080 media used for cultivating microorganisms—more than 1500 more than in the previous edition. These mcludc both classic and modem media used for the identification, cultivation, and maintenance of divorce bacteria, archara, and fungi. Same o: these microbiological media are produced by major suppliers of dehydrated media—including Oxoid. HiMedia, and BD Diagnostics (Dlfco. BBL. and G1BCO) These include all the media normally used m the clinical microbiology diagnostic laboratory and fertile routine examination of food and water, other media described in the fourth edition of the Handbook ofMicrơbtoiơgiccù Media are used to cultivate specific strains of bacteria, archaea. fungi, and protists, includ :ng many anaerobes and extremophiles The fourth edition of the Hand book of Microbiological Media includes tlie media needed to cultivate the numerous microorganisms cumttdy available from the world’s global bioresource centers CBRCs)

The bread of culhire media in this comprehensive resource IS enemvous and has greatly expanded n recent years with Uie explcraUcn of extreme hub itats and die use of molecular methods to identify new Inrages of bacteria and arcliara The media also represent significant advances in the ability to use chromogemc substrates to identity specific species and strains of bacteria, eg,/?, caii 0157 and melhtalltn resistant Srapin'lo-COCCU5 aureus (MRSA) These media are extremely useful for clinical diagnostics and fer the protection of the food supply from pathogenic microorganisms Additional by many culture media are now available that are tree of animal components Plant based media eliminate possible contamination with prions which is ime ortant for production of vaccines and pharmaceuticals

Organization

The media described in the Handbook of Microbiological Media are organized alphabetically Synonyms for media arc listed The description of each medium includes its name(s), composition, instructions for preparation, commercial sources, safety cautions where needed, and uses

Names of Media

Media often have numerous names For the most part the fourth edition cf the Handbook of Microbiological Media retains the original names assigned m the literature In seme cases media with identical compost lions produced by different companies have different names For example, Tryptirasc™ Soy Agar produced as a 3BL product of BD Diagnostic Systems, Tryptcnc Soy Agar produced by Oxoid Unipath, and Tryptic Soy Agar prcduced as a Dlfco product ct'BD Diagnostic Systems have identical compositions Many media also are known by acronyms 7SA. fer example. IS the common acronym for Trypticase™ Soy Agar The fourth edition of die Handbook of Microbioiogicd Media gives the various synonymous names acid directs the reader to see die entry where die information about dial medium IS given In rases -where modifications to a medium yield a new medium, such media generally are listed with the original medium name, followed by the tenr. modified—for example TSA. Modified, rather than Modified TSA Media tliat do net. have formal names are listed according to the organism grown «1 that, medium—for example. Bacúhts stearothemcphứus Brcth

Composition of Media

Media for the cultivation of microorganisms contain the substances necessary to support the growth of microorganisms Due to the diversity of microorganisms and their diverse metabolic pathways, there are numerous media. Even slight differences in the composition of a medium can result in dramatically different growth characteristics of microorganisms

When methods for culturing microorganisms were first developed m the nineteenth century, largely by Robert Kcch and his colleagues, animal and plant tissues were principally used as sources of nutrients used to support microbial growth One of the major discoveries of Fanny Hesse IR Koch’s laboratory was that agar could be used to form solidified culture media cn which microorganisms would grow Extracts of plants and animal tissues were prepared as broths or mixed with agar to form a variety of culture media Virtually any plant, animal, or animal organ was considered for use in preparing media Infusions were prepared from bee: heart, calf brains, and bee: liver, as a few examples These classic infusions still form the primary components of many media that are widely used today, such as Brain Heart Infusion Agar and Liver Broth In the last few years attempts have been made to reformulate many media containing annual tissue extracts with plan’, materials. This has added greatly to die number of media that arc commercially available.

The composition section of each medium describes the ingredients that make up the medium, their amounts, and the pH It lists those ingredients in order of decreasing amount Solids are listed first shewing the weights to be added, followed by liquids shewing the volumes to be included in the medium

The composition uses generic terms where these arc applicable. For example, pancreatic digest of casein IS marketed by various manufacturers as tryptirase, tryptone, and other commercial product names While there may well be differences between these products, such differences are undefined Variations also occur between batches of products produced as digests of animal tissues

Media for the cultivation of microorganisms have a source of carbon for incorporation into biomass For autotrophs, the carbon source most often is carbon dioxide, which may be supplied as bicarbonate within the medium Carbohydrates, such as glucose, or other organic compounds, such as acetate, various lipids, proteins, hydrocarbons, ar.d other organic compounds, are included in media as sources of carbon for heterotrophs These carbco sources may also serve as the supply of energy other compounds, such as ammemum ions, nitrite ions, ele mental sulfur, and reduced iron, may be used as the sources of energy for the cultivation of autotrophs. Nitrogen aLso is required for microbial growth. It may be supplied as inorganic nitrogen comp ounds for the cultivation of seme microorganisms but mere commonly is supplied as proteins, peptenes, cr amino acids Phosphates and metals, such as magnesium and iron, are also necessary components of microbiological media Phosphates may also serve as buffers to maintain the pH of the medium within the growth tolerance limits of the microorganism being cultivated Various additional growth factors may also be included in the media

Agars

Agar IS the most common solidifying agent used in microbiological media Agar IS a polysaccharide extract from marine algae It melts at 84®c and solidifies at 3S°C Agar concentrations of 15 Og/L typically are used to form solid media Lower concentrations of 7 5-10 Og/L are used to produce soil agars cr seuusolid media Below are some agars used as solidifyuig agents in various media Agar Bacteriological (Agar No. 1)

An agar with low calcium and magnesium Agar. Bacto

A punfied agar with reduced pigmented compounds, salts, and extraneous matter.

[EBOOK] Handbook of MICROBIOLOGICAL MEDIA, Ronald M. Atlas, Published by CRC PRESS

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[EBOOK] Mineral Fertilizer Use and the Environment, By .F.Isherwood, International Fertilizer Industry Association United Nations Environment Programme

This document aims to present a balanced view of. on the one hand, the benefits of using mineral fertilizers and on the other hand the environmental risks involved. It is not intended to be a scientific document, but it aims to be technically correct.

Chapter 14 of Agenda 21. agreed at the UNCED "Earth Summit" held in Brazil in 1992. states 'The world's capacity to feed a growing population is uncertain ...agriculture has to meet the challenge mainly by increasing food production on land that is already in use, and avoid encroachment on land that is only marginally suitable for cultivation ",

This review presents the evidence supporting the view that the use of mineral fertilizers is a necessary condition for achieving these objectives. Their use is necessary but they do have an impact on the soil, water, air. plant and human health.

All human activities alfcct the natural environment either adversely or beneficially: and what is adverse or beneficial may depend on one's point of view. The long-term sustainability of any system requires complicated trade-offs between benefits and losses. Almost always, there are w ays of minimizing losses while retaining benefits. The use of fertilizers is no exception, but both the policy maker and the farmer must have the necessary knowledge. Farmers must know how to use fertilizers efficiently under their own particular circumstances. Most of the adverse effects of fertilizer use result from inadequate know ledge among farmers.

The review highlights the importance of using mineral fertilizers efficiently. Inefficient use not only increases their negative environmental impact unnecessarily, but also represents a large waste of natural resources and a substantial economic loss.

To improve the efficiency of fertilizer use is a major challenge. There is also scope for improved products, but the greatest medium-term gain could be had from improving the way in which currently available fertilizers arc used. Many techniques for achieving this arc known, but often they arc not put into practice. The task of communicating information on the correct techniques to farmers, and of persuading them to adopt them, is formidable. Of the world population of 5.7 billion in 1995. the agricultural population accounted for 2.6 billion.

[EBOOK] Mineral Fertilizer Use and the Environment, By .F.Isherwood, International Fertilizer Industry Association United Nations Environment Programme

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[EBOOK] Training Manual on Mushroom Cultivation Technology

1.    Inadequate regional food supplies, diminishing quality of health, and increasing environmental deterioration are three key underlying problems affecting the future well-being of humankind. The magnitude of these problems is set to increase as the world’s population continues to grow. The three facets of Applied Mushroom Biology combined offer partial but meaningful solutions through (1) the generation of relatively cheap source of high quality food protein (Mushroom Science), (2) the provision of health-enhancing dietary supplements/ mushroom nutriceuticals (Mushroom Biotechnology), and (3) the bioconversion/bioremediation of environmental adulterants and maintenance of balanced ecosystems (Mushroom Mycorestoration).

2.    Mushrooms are very nutritious products that can be generated from lignocellulosic waste materials; and are in rich in crude fibre and protein. In fact, mushrooms also contain low fat, low calories and good vitamins. In addition, many mushrooms possess multi-functional medicinal properties.

3.    Mushroom cultivation technology is friendly to the environment. The production of edible and medicinal mushrooms utilising, for example, paddy straw, cotton wastes, coffee waste, water hyacinth, tree saw dust, sugar cane bagasse, wild grasses and various categories of refuse and lignocellulosic wastes, could readily be adopted in Asian and Pacific communities in sophisticated, but low technology approaches.

4.    The spent substrate left after harvesting the mushrooms, which is entangled with innumerable mushroom threads (collectively referred to as mycelia) will have been biochemically modified by the mushroom enzymes into a simpler and more readily digestible form, which is thus more palatable to livestock, when used as a livestock feed supplement. Additionally, it will significantly have been enriched with protein, by virtue of the remains of the protein-rich mycelia, left after harvesting the mushroom fruiting bodies. The residue could also be utilised as organic garden mulch, which is good for the soil.

5.    Mushroom mycelia can produce a group of complex extracellular enzymes which can degrade and utilize the lignocellulosic wastes in order to reduce pollution. It has been revealed recently that mushroom mycelia can play a significant role in the restoration of damaged environments. Saprotrophic, endophytic, mycorrhizal, and even parasitic fungi/mushrooms can be used in mycorestoration, which can be performed in four different ways: mycofiltration (using mycelia to filter water), mycoforestry (using mycelia to restore forests), mycoremediation (using mycelia to eliminate toxic waste), and mycopesticides (using mycelia to control insect pests). These methods represent the potential to create a clean ecosystem, where no damage will be left after fungal implementation.

6.    The key objectives in each of the participating countries will be, firstly, to develop Pleurotus (oyster) mushrooms as additional, highly nutritious vegetable crops. We should start with these because they are easiest to grow; yet they are also high in protein. Secondly, efforts will be directed towards cultivating Lentinula mushrooms, which require less complicated and costly set-up and equipment (eg. compared with Agaricus mushrooms). Thirdly, efforts will be made to produce selected medicinal mushrooms as dietary supplements, especially mushrooms which are known to have a strong potency in invigorating the body’s immuno-response systems, such as Ganoderma lucidum.

7.    A comprehensive training programme for both researchers and mushroom growers will need to be formulated. The identified team of researchers will be brought together for an intensive training course, which will equip them with more skills on how to train others, and also help prepare them on how to succeed in this promising venture. Mushroom farming is both a science and an art. The science, in its broad form, will come through training workshops/courses. The art will come through practical involvement and experience, and will have to be modified in accordance with the prevailing conditions on site.

8.    The potential of mushroom farming in generating new employment opportunities is another positive element emanating from mushroom farming ventures, which can be labour intensive. Phase one of this project will aim at providing initial skills for cottage level mushroom production. Later, large scale development can be expected to lead to the establishment of commercial mushroom farms, and international marketing ventures. It is anticipated that Governments of the countries where Phase One of Project implementation will be based, will grant their political good-will, which will be a positive stimulus for private sector involvement.

9.    Due to advances in both basic knowledge and practical technology relevant to mushroom farming (mushroom themselves), mushroom products (mushroom derivatives) and mushroom bioremediation (mushroom mycelia), these principles can be applied globally, but must be implemented according to locally available substrates, labour and climatic conditions.

[EBOOK] Training Manual on Mushroom Cultivation Technology

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